National Threat Assessment 2008. Organised Crime - Politie

More documents

Recommendations

Info

2 Illegal markets 2.1 Introduction This chapter focuses on organised crime on various illegal markets. The following criminal phenomena are discussed in separate sections: • trading in and smuggling of cocaine; • trading in and smuggling of heroin; • production of, trading in and smuggling of synthetic drugs; • production of, trading in and smuggling of cannabis; • human trafficking; • human smuggling; • illegal trade in and smuggling of firearms and explosives; • production and distribution of child pornography; • production and distribution of counterfeit money. The sections were compiled using information from various study reports. The introduction to each section states the relevant reports. Please refer to the reports in question for a list of references. 2.2 Trading and smuggling cocaine 17 2.2.1 Introduction and scope Apart from a more general description of the illegal market, the CPA used as a basis in this section also provides an insight into the increased involvement of West-African players on this market and the cash flows relating to the cocaine market. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that Colombian criminal networks use African countries and African people. This development is an important reason to pay extra attention to the trade in and smuggling of cocaine in and via Africa. The source used mainly covers the investigations conducted into the trading in and smuggling of cocaine. 17 This section is based on a report prepared in part for NTA 2008: Dienst Nationale Recherche (DNR), 2008. Cocaïnehandel. Deelrapport Criminaliteitsbeeldanalyse 2007. Korps landelijke politiediensten (Netherlands Police Agency), DNR (National Crime Squad), Driebergen (confidential). The authors of this report are S. Verploeg and M. Pronk. The information from this report was included with a view to qualifying the threat level of the criminal phenomenon. This qualification and a summary of the arguments can be found in the final section. 28 National Threat Assessment 2008 – Organised crime
2.2.2 General context Production For years now, Colombia, Peru and Bolivia have been the three major cocaineproducing countries. The global production of cocaine generally remained stable in 2005 and 2006. In 2006 a total of 156,900 hectares of coca were cultivated in the three aforementioned countries. Whereas the total number of hectares cultivated is significantly lower than in the 1980s and 1990s, the actual production of cocaine has only fallen marginally (-2%). The yield per hectare has risen dramatically due to more efficient cocaine laboratories and the higher level of knowledge of the producers. The processing of coca leaves into coca paste and coca base is carried out in the vicinity of the cultivation sites in Colombia, Bolivia and Peru. The level of overall cocaine production is estimated at around 1 million kilograms per year. Transit countries and smuggling routes The vast majority of South-American production of cocaine is exported to other continents. The largest user populations are in the US and Europe. The routes by which the cocaine is smuggled to the destination countries are increasingly varied. The cocaine is by no means always delivered directly; in most cases stopovers are used to disguise the origin of the shipment. Sometimes these stopovers are made in the larger South-American countries, such as Brazil and Argentina, and sometimes the route runs via the Caribbean. More recently, West Africa has started to play a larger role. Traditional trade patterns are changing, and the number of countries involved is increasing. Whereas 20 years ago cocaine was seized in 69 countries, this had risen to 131 different countries by 2005. Many of these countries are located in (West) Africa and are ideal transit countries for drugs because of the lack of a proper government. The country that is most striking in this regard is Guinea-Bissau, which is one of the poorest countries on earth. By smuggling 6 kg of cocaine, an inhabitant of Guinea- Bissau can earn the equivalent of an annual salary. This former Portuguese colony is struggling with a failing legal system and a corrupt army leadership and is increasingly referred to internationally as the first African ‘narco-state’. In 2007 the UN stated that Colombian networks operating in Guinea-Bissau have their own logistical facilities such as a runway and refuelling stations for boats and ships. No cocaine shipments coming in from Africa by sea were intercepted in the Netherlands in 2005 and 2006. However, this does not mean that there are no such shipments. Cases have been recorded in which cocaine was smuggled from African countries as air freight or by using couriers. In addition, Colombian groups in Africa, including in Togo, Nigeria and Ghana, have set up companies chapter 2 – Illegal markets 29
Page 1: KLPD - IPOL Department National Thr
Page 4 and 5: Publisher: IPOL Department Postbus
Page 6 and 7: 2.3.5 Crime-related factors and exp
Page 8 and 9: 3.4.7 Conclusion 119 3.5 Crime invo
Page 10 and 11: 5.3.1 Introduction and scope 186 5.
Page 12 and 13: Preface The first National Threat A
Page 14 and 15: Acknowledgements This National Thre
Page 16 and 17: phenomena - as well as on societal
Page 18 and 19: It should be noticed that the organ
Page 20 and 21: In early 2007 a Supervisory Committ
Page 22 and 23: 1.5.3 Regional Crime Pattern Analys
Page 24 and 25: For environmental crime, the study
Page 26 and 27: A conditional threat involves crimi
Page 28 and 29: forces all made their contributions
Page 32 and 33: with the aim of transporting large
Page 34 and 35: Demand In 2005 the number of ‘cur
Page 36 and 37: identity papers. It was impossible
Page 38 and 39: use currently occurring in various
Page 40 and 41: An important indicator of heroin pr
Page 42 and 43: 2.3.3 Criminal organisations Three
Page 44 and 45: without being noticed. The harm tha
Page 46 and 47: Criminals often look for a remote l
Page 48 and 49: other than BMK and PMK are increasi
Page 50 and 51: LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is
Page 52 and 53: From the source country onwards, th
Page 54 and 55: People can also be the victims of i
Page 56 and 57: Other chemicals will probably be ob
Page 58 and 59: the expectation that organised crim
Page 60 and 61: Figure 2 Number of nurseries disman
Page 62 and 63: which is just over 360,000 people.
Page 64 and 65: A strikingly high number of crimina
Page 66 and 67: mortgage. Various types of fraud ar
Page 68 and 69: and Romanians who already work in t
Page 70 and 71: offences under Section 273f of the
Page 72 and 73: 2.6.3 Scale Exploitation in prostit
Page 74 and 75: 2.6.6 Crime-related factors and exp
Page 76 and 77: 2.7 Illegal immigrant smuggling 30
Page 78 and 79: who have been in the Netherlands il
Page 80 and 81:
were registered as being suspected
Page 82 and 83:
It is not known whether the positio
Page 84 and 85:
the weapons are stashed at a safe a
Page 86 and 87:
limited scale of detection of illeg
Page 88 and 89:
The commercial production of images
Page 90 and 91:
in isolation. According to the IPOL
Page 92 and 93:
continued existence of both the pro
Page 94 and 95:
2.10.3 Scale In the Netherlands mos
Page 96 and 97:
developments relating to counterfei
Page 98 and 99:
3.2 The public purse: VAT fraud, ex
Page 100 and 101:
a separate legal entity takes care
Page 102 and 103:
Table 6 Misuse of companies in 2000
Page 104 and 105:
Chinese Dutch nationals are reporte
Page 106 and 107:
have created more opportunities wit
Page 108 and 109:
Investment fraud is the general nam
Page 110 and 111:
Almost all contacts in advance fee
Page 112 and 113:
The structure of a boiler room is d
Page 114 and 115:
caught will increase. Fraudsters su
Page 116 and 117:
a role, namely the fact that superv
Page 118 and 119:
special investigation services. The
Page 120 and 121:
competition. In the past this has r
Page 122 and 123:
• electronic and electrical appli
Page 124 and 125:
Any violation of the EU Regulation
Page 126 and 127:
level. Out of a selection of more t
Page 128 and 129:
those used for scrap vehicles. A lo
Page 130 and 131:
As well as being numerous and compl
Page 132 and 133:
consequences of the exporting of th
Page 134 and 135:
In recent years, the integration ph
Page 136 and 137:
Criminals invest in property togeth
Page 138 and 139:
Undermining of the rule of law and
Page 140 and 141:
Professionals’ right of non-discl
Page 142 and 143:
3.6.7 Conclusion The investment of
Page 144 and 145:
Factors related to property crime F
Page 146 and 147:
The relative poverty in many Easter
Page 148 and 149:
• An elderly lady is working in h
Page 150 and 151:
connections between offences cannot
Page 152 and 153:
4.3 Shoplifting 4.3.1 Introduction
Page 154 and 155:
4.3.7 Conclusion As a result of sho
Page 156 and 157:
audio and video equipment and build
Page 158 and 159:
Mainly native Dutch offender groups
Page 160 and 161:
However, there are also factors tha
Page 162 and 163:
According to the National Vehicle C
Page 164 and 165:
Table 8 Development of recorded car
Page 166 and 167:
4.5.5 Consequences for Dutch societ
Page 168 and 169:
Robberies can be described as the r
Page 170 and 171:
Ram raiding Ram raids have been rec
Page 172 and 173:
damage to buildings, etc. In one ca
Page 174 and 175:
‘Organised, supraregional ram rai
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
4.8.2 General context The handling
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
5.2.2 Corruption of public servants
Page 184 and 185:
Scale For years the Netherlands has
Page 186 and 187:
make contact with one another. By d
Page 188 and 189:
In cases of investment fraud, poten
Page 190 and 191:
1. Enforcement of behaviour In case
Page 192 and 193:
The use of violence within criminal
Page 194 and 195:
In addition, the financial damage t
Page 196 and 197:
However, they were found guilty of
Page 198 and 199:
takes them to a counterfeit website
Page 200 and 201:
equired to defraud Internet users c
Page 202 and 203:
customers. Customers must be on the
Page 204 and 205:
Quite often, organised crime does n
Page 206 and 207:
for criminal purposes, it is likely
Page 208 and 209:
5.7 Counterstrategies 5.7.1 Introdu
Page 210 and 211:
potential witnesses refused (or wer
Page 212 and 213:
eceive protection, as there is alwa
Page 214 and 215:
5.8.2 General context Forgery of do
Page 216 and 217:
Chamber of Commerce and the municip
Page 218 and 219:
5.8.6 Crime-related factors and exp
Page 220 and 221:
6.2 Criminal caravan camp residents
Page 222 and 223:
Nederweed In the subreport on canna
Page 224 and 225:
Roma have been reported for committ
Page 226 and 227:
6.4 Criminal liaisons British crimi
Page 228 and 229:
The use of solvents to extract coca
Page 230 and 231:
on the Internet and growing equipme
Page 232 and 233:
egularly found in suspicious circum
Page 234 and 235:
no capacity is made available for i
Page 236 and 237:
Unlike in 2004, the intertwining of
Page 238 and 239:
organisations have access to one or
Page 240 and 241:
at Schiphol Airport and lorry drive
Page 242 and 243:
Whenever illegal markets such as th
Page 244 and 245:
Appendix 1 Project structure Projec
Page 246 and 247:
E.R. Kleemans Senior Researcher Res
Page 248 and 249:
F. van den Heuvell Analysis Special
Page 250 and 251:
J. ’t Lam Strategic Analyst Natio
Page 252 and 253:
Appendix 2 Overview of qualificatio
Page 259:
Netherlands Police Agency
show all

National Threat Assessment 2008. Organised Crime - Politie

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?