National Threat Assessment 2008. Organised Crime - Politie

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Investment fraud is the general name for various types of fraud involving investments. These include ‘boiler rooms’, Ponzi swindles and pyramid games. ‘Boiler rooms’ are small offices from where people are encouraged to invest money. The potential customers are promised very high returns. To avoid inspections, Dutch investors are often called from abroad and vice versa. A Ponzi swindle involves classic investment fraud, whereby investors are told that their money will be invested in a lucrative manner. In reality nothing is invested and investors are paid using the contributions of subsequent investors (this type of fraud is named after the swindler Charles Ponzi). Investment fraud can also be set up in the initial phase as a pyramid game. Fraudsters using a pyramid game recruit investors from their circle of friends and acquaintances, who, in turn, also bring in acquaintances who invest in the scheme. Once again, the returns are paid from the money invested by other investors and only the people who set up the swindle actually benefit from the game. Other types of investment fraud that fall under the definition of a Fata Morgana construction are ‘high-yield investments’, ‘ghost funds’ and ‘share-spam fraud’. Advance fee fraud is fraud committed by asking for an advance fee from the victim without providing a service in return. This is also called ‘419 fraud’, which is a reference to the country of origin of many offenders – Nigeria – where this fraud is a criminal offence under Section 419 of the Penal Code. 3.3.2 General context In a Fata Morgana fraud there are three phases, namely preparation, execution and results (see figure 3). In the preparatory phase of this fraud construction the required facilities are obtained and potential victims are selected. A telephone and an Internet connection are crucial. After the initial contact the swindler and the target mainly communicate by telephone. The Internet offers the possibility of setting up fake websites and forging documents. The swindler ensures that he has the contact details of potential victims. These contact details are collected and/or bought. During the execution phase the swindler tries to conceal his activities as much as possible. He contacts a potential victim and tries to convince him that he is being offered an ideal opportunity to earn a large sum of money easily or to obtain a high return on investments. Inspiring confidence is important as regards convincing the victim to transfer money (as an advance payment or as an investment). Forged documents, brochures and websites that look professional are among the methods used to suggest reliability. This suggestion is reinforced by pretending to have business relationships with well-known banks and by giving the impression that supervisory authorities are aware of the products 106 National Threat Assessment 2008 – Organised crime
Figure 3 The three stages of the fraud construction Fata Morgana Preparation Step 1 Purchase facilities Step 2 Find out address details of targets Target refuses to pay Target not convinced Execution Step 5 Target pays Step 4 Make contact and convince target Step 3 Prevent traceability Step 6 Target increases investments Step 7 Results Victim no longer pays, swindler breaks off contact being offered. Any doubts that the potential victims may have are expertly anticipated and cleverly eliminated. The first payment requested is usually a small amount of money. After the first payment the victim will have crossed a certain barrier and he will then want to earn back his money. The swindler will then try and convince the target to continue making payments, but in higher and higher amounts. The pressure on the victim is increased by using psychological techniques. chapter 3 – Fraud and money laundering 107
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KLPD - IPOL Department National Thr
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Publisher: IPOL Department Postbus
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2.3.5 Crime-related factors and exp
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3.4.7 Conclusion 119 3.5 Crime invo
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5.3.1 Introduction and scope 186 5.
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Preface The first National Threat A
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Acknowledgements This National Thre
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phenomena - as well as on societal
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It should be noticed that the organ
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In early 2007 a Supervisory Committ
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1.5.3 Regional Crime Pattern Analys
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For environmental crime, the study
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A conditional threat involves crimi
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forces all made their contributions
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2 Illegal markets 2.1 Introduction
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with the aim of transporting large
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Demand In 2005 the number of ‘cur
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identity papers. It was impossible
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use currently occurring in various
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An important indicator of heroin pr
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2.3.3 Criminal organisations Three
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without being noticed. The harm tha
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Criminals often look for a remote l
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other than BMK and PMK are increasi
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LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is
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From the source country onwards, th
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People can also be the victims of i
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Other chemicals will probably be ob
Page 58 and 59: the expectation that organised crim
Page 60 and 61: Figure 2 Number of nurseries disman
Page 62 and 63: which is just over 360,000 people.
Page 64 and 65: A strikingly high number of crimina
Page 66 and 67: mortgage. Various types of fraud ar
Page 68 and 69: and Romanians who already work in t
Page 70 and 71: offences under Section 273f of the
Page 72 and 73: 2.6.3 Scale Exploitation in prostit
Page 74 and 75: 2.6.6 Crime-related factors and exp
Page 76 and 77: 2.7 Illegal immigrant smuggling 30
Page 78 and 79: who have been in the Netherlands il
Page 80 and 81: were registered as being suspected
Page 82 and 83: It is not known whether the positio
Page 84 and 85: the weapons are stashed at a safe a
Page 86 and 87: limited scale of detection of illeg
Page 88 and 89: The commercial production of images
Page 90 and 91: in isolation. According to the IPOL
Page 92 and 93: continued existence of both the pro
Page 94 and 95: 2.10.3 Scale In the Netherlands mos
Page 96 and 97: developments relating to counterfei
Page 98 and 99: 3.2 The public purse: VAT fraud, ex
Page 100 and 101: a separate legal entity takes care
Page 102 and 103: Table 6 Misuse of companies in 2000
Page 104 and 105: Chinese Dutch nationals are reporte
Page 106 and 107: have created more opportunities wit
Page 110 and 111: Almost all contacts in advance fee
Page 112 and 113: The structure of a boiler room is d
Page 114 and 115: caught will increase. Fraudsters su
Page 116 and 117: a role, namely the fact that superv
Page 118 and 119: special investigation services. The
Page 120 and 121: competition. In the past this has r
Page 122 and 123: • electronic and electrical appli
Page 124 and 125: Any violation of the EU Regulation
Page 126 and 127: level. Out of a selection of more t
Page 128 and 129: those used for scrap vehicles. A lo
Page 130 and 131: As well as being numerous and compl
Page 132 and 133: consequences of the exporting of th
Page 134 and 135: In recent years, the integration ph
Page 136 and 137: Criminals invest in property togeth
Page 138 and 139: Undermining of the rule of law and
Page 140 and 141: Professionals’ right of non-discl
Page 142 and 143: 3.6.7 Conclusion The investment of
Page 144 and 145: Factors related to property crime F
Page 146 and 147: The relative poverty in many Easter
Page 148 and 149: • An elderly lady is working in h
Page 150 and 151: connections between offences cannot
Page 152 and 153: 4.3 Shoplifting 4.3.1 Introduction
Page 154 and 155: 4.3.7 Conclusion As a result of sho
Page 156 and 157: audio and video equipment and build
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Mainly native Dutch offender groups
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However, there are also factors tha
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According to the National Vehicle C
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Table 8 Development of recorded car
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4.5.5 Consequences for Dutch societ
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Robberies can be described as the r
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Ram raiding Ram raids have been rec
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damage to buildings, etc. In one ca
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‘Organised, supraregional ram rai
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4.8.2 General context The handling
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5.2.2 Corruption of public servants
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Scale For years the Netherlands has
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make contact with one another. By d
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In cases of investment fraud, poten
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1. Enforcement of behaviour In case
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The use of violence within criminal
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In addition, the financial damage t
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However, they were found guilty of
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takes them to a counterfeit website
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equired to defraud Internet users c
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customers. Customers must be on the
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Quite often, organised crime does n
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for criminal purposes, it is likely
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5.7 Counterstrategies 5.7.1 Introdu
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potential witnesses refused (or wer
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eceive protection, as there is alwa
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5.8.2 General context Forgery of do
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Chamber of Commerce and the municip
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5.8.6 Crime-related factors and exp
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6.2 Criminal caravan camp residents
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Nederweed In the subreport on canna
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Roma have been reported for committ
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6.4 Criminal liaisons British crimi
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The use of solvents to extract coca
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on the Internet and growing equipme
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egularly found in suspicious circum
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no capacity is made available for i
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Unlike in 2004, the intertwining of
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organisations have access to one or
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at Schiphol Airport and lorry drive
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Whenever illegal markets such as th
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Appendix 1 Project structure Projec
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E.R. Kleemans Senior Researcher Res
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F. van den Heuvell Analysis Special
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J. ’t Lam Strategic Analyst Natio
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Appendix 2 Overview of qualificatio
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Netherlands Police Agency
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