LVXXU

Recommendations

Info

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Chapter V: Improving Shared Transport Infrastructures.............................................................................. 5-1 Increased Use of Shared Transport Infrastructures for Energy....................................................................................... 5-3 Rail Transport of Liquid Fuels: Status and Trends.......................................................................................................... 5-4 Waterways, Ports, and Connectors: Status and Trends................................................................................................ 5-13 Impact of Energy and Energy Component Transport on Multi-Modal Systems............................................................ 5-24 Data, Modeling, and Analysis..................................................................................................................................... 5-28 Recommendations in Brief.......................................................................................................................................... 5-30 Chapter VI: Integrating North American Energy Markets........................................................................... 6-1 Benefits of North American Energy System Integration ............................................................................................... 6-3 Energy Security and the Arctic ................................................................................................................................... 6-13 Infrastructures for Diversification of Caribbean Energy Supply................................................................................... 6-16 Recommendations in Brief.......................................................................................................................................... 6-20 Chapter VII: Addressing Environmental Aspects of TS&D Infrastructure..................................................... 7-1 The Range of Environmental Effects Associated with TS&D Infrastructure.................................................................... 7-3 Land-Use and Ecosystem Impacts of Constructing and Maintaining TS&D Infrastructure............................................. 7-3 Emissions from TS&D Infrastructure.............................................................................................................................. 7-6 Other Environmental Issues........................................................................................................................................ 7-19 CO 2 Pipelines: Enabling Infrastructure for GHG Emissions Reductions........................................................................ 7-23 Recommendations in Brief.......................................................................................................................................... 7-27 Chapter VIII: Enhancing Employment and Workforce Training.................................................................... 8-1 Estimates of Transmission and Distribution Jobs .......................................................................................................... 8-3 Aging and Retiring Energy Workforce........................................................................................................................... 8-4 Energy Sector Workforce Demands............................................................................................................................... 8-4 Workforce Training Strategies....................................................................................................................................... 8-6 Data Challenges........................................................................................................................................................... 8-7 Recommendations in Brief.......................................................................................................................................... 8-11 Chapter IX: Siting and Permitting of TS&D Infrastructure........................................................................... 9-1 A New Urgency to Improve Siting and Permitting........................................................................................................ 9-3 The Federal Government’s Role in Siting, Permitting, and Review of Infrastructure Projects........................................ 9-6 Engagement of the Public in Energy Infrastructure Siting and Permitting.................................................................... 9-8 Variability in Siting and Permitting Timetables............................................................................................................ 9-10 Administration Actions to Modernize Siting, Permitting, and Review Processes ........................................................ 9-10 Recommendations in Brief.......................................................................................................................................... 9-19 Chapter X: Analytical and Stakeholder Process........................................................................................ 10-1 QER Systems Analysis................................................................................................................................................. 10-2 QER Stakeholder Engagement.................................................................................................................................... 10-5 QER Interagency Engagement.................................................................................................................................. 10-20 List of Acronyms and Units.........................................................................................................................A-1 viii QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015
LIST OF FIGURES Figure SPM-1. Age by Decade of U.S. Gas Transmission and Gathering Pipelines...................................................................S-6 Figure SPM-2. Historic and Projected U.S. Emissions under Obama Administration Targets................................................S-8 Figure SPM-3. Billion-Dollar Disaster Event Types by Year.........................................................................................................S-9 Figure SPM-4. Gulf Coast Electricity Substation Facilities Exposure under Different Sea-Level Rise Scenarios................S-10 Figure SPM-5. Investment in Transmission Infrastructure by Investor-Owned Utilities, 1997–2012..................................S-14 Figure SPM-6. Recommendations Requiring Legislative Authorization...................................................................................S-32 Figure 1-1. Age by Decade of U.S. Gas Transmission and Gathering Pipelines.........................................................................1-4 Figure 1-2. U.S. Electricity Use and Economic Growth (3-Year Compound Growth Rate), 1950–2040................................1-8 Figure 1-3. Percent Change in Retail Electricity Sales (kilowatt-hours), 2008–2013.................................................................1-9 Figure 1-4 Investment in Transmission Infrastructure by Investor-Owned Utilities, 1997–2012.........................................1-10 Figure 1-5. Global Average Surface Air Temperature Relative to the 1951–1980 Average.....................................................1-11 Figure 1-6. Observed Change in Very Heavy Precipitation.........................................................................................................1-12 Figure 1-7. Change in Annual Average Air Temperature between 1970–1999 and 2070–2099 under Low- and High- Emission Scenarios for Global GHGs............................................................................................................................................1-13 Figure 1-8. Historic and Projected U.S. Emissions under Obama Administration Targets....................................................1-17 Figure 1-9. Objectives, Goals, and Organization of the QER......................................................................................................1-20 Figure 2-1. Illustration of Tornado and Hurricane Tracks, Wildfires, Earthquakes, and Coastal Inundation.......................2-5 Figure 2-2. Billion-Dollar Disaster Event Types by Year................................................................................................................2-6 Figure 2-3. Electric Disturbance Events, January 2011–August 2014; Customer Hours Affected by Electric Disturbance Events, 2011–August 2014.................................................................................................................................................................2-9 Figure 2-4. Gulf Coast Electricity Substation Facilities’ Exposure to Storm Surge under Different Sea-Level Rise Scenarios....................................................................................................................................................................................2-10 Figure 2-5. Total Incidents, Injuries, and Fatalities Associated with U.S. Natural Gas Pipelines, 2004–2013......................2-19 Figure 2- 6. Methane Emissions from Natural Gas Distribution Systems in Indianapolis and Boston, 2013......................2-20 Figure 2-7. Natural Gas Price Differentials between Henry Hub and Key Trading Points.....................................................2-26 Figure 2-8. Earthquake Vulnerability Hazard Regions Severity Indices for Earthquakes.......................................................2-33 Figure 2-9. Rail Thermal Misalignment.........................................................................................................................................2-36 Figure 3-1. The Electric Grid.............................................................................................................................................................3-3 Figure 3-2. Historic and Projected Expansion of Net Transmission Circuit Miles....................................................................3-7 Figure 3-3. Investment in Transmission Infrastructure by Investor‐Owned Utilities, 1997–2012..........................................3-8 Figure 3-4. Transmission Operation and Planning Functions Shown by Timescale.................................................................3-9 QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015 ix
Page 1 and 2: QUADRENNIAL ENERGY REVIEW: ENERGY T
Page 3 and 4: Preface In June 2013, through the P
Page 5 and 6: Presidential Memorandum The White H
Page 7 and 8: (xx) the Small Business Administrat
Page 9: TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..........
Page 13 and 14: Figure 7-7. Conditions Affecting Li
Page 15 and 16: Summary TRANSFORMING U.S. ENERGY IN
Page 17 and 18: same systems (e.g., ports and railw
Page 19 and 20: Aging Infrastructure and Changing R
Page 21 and 22: Actions taken in the first term of
Page 23 and 24: Figure SPM-3. Billion-Dollar Disast
Page 25 and 26: Key Findings Mitigating energy disr
Page 27 and 28: Recommendations in Brief To continu
Page 29 and 30: The potential range of new transmis
Page 31 and 32: Improve grid communication through
Page 33 and 34: Undertake a study of the relationsh
Page 35 and 36: • Doubling the size of the Inland
Page 37 and 38: Key Findings The United States has
Page 39 and 40: Promote Caribbean energy TS&D infra
Page 41 and 42: Recommendations in Brief Improve qu
Page 43 and 44: • Developing curricula and certif
Page 45 and 46: (2) the Fish and Wildlife Service I
Page 47 and 48: Table SPM-2. Examples of Federal Me
Page 50 and 51: Chapter I INTRODUCTION This chapter
Page 52 and 53: The requirements that this TS&D inf
Page 54 and 55: Increases in U.S. Oil and Natural G
Page 56 and 57: Increased Deployment of Renewable E
Page 58 and 59: Figure 1-3. Percent Change in Retai
Page 60 and 61:
Climate Science The key conclusions
Page 62 and 63:
Figure 1-7. Change in Annual Averag
Page 64 and 65:
Other actions to deploy low-carbon
Page 66 and 67:
Figure 1-8. Historic and Projected
Page 68 and 69:
Government can build and incentiviz
Page 70 and 71:
Notes: 1. Analyses were conducted w
Page 72 and 73:
Organization of the Remainder of th
Page 74 and 75:
Endnotes 1. Edison Electric Institu
Page 76 and 77:
39. Energy Information Administrati
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Chapter II INCREASING THE RESILIENC
Page 82 and 83:
The Importance of Resilient, Reliab
Page 84 and 85:
Figure 2-1. Illustration of Tornado
Page 86 and 87:
Continued increases in extreme weat
Page 88 and 89:
Weather-Related and Other Reliabili
Page 90 and 91:
Drought is also problematic. In 201
Page 92 and 93:
Electricity TS&D Vulnerabilities Va
Page 94 and 95:
Distribution hardening projects are
Page 96 and 97:
Although pipelines above and below
Page 98 and 99:
Safety and Methane Emissions from G
Page 100 and 101:
Indianapolis’ in 2013 (see Figure
Page 102 and 103:
Natural Gas Infrastructure Dependen
Page 104 and 105:
• The changing geography of natur
Page 106 and 107:
ose to greater than $34 per million
Page 108 and 109:
NE MN IA MO WI IL MI IN KY TN OH Gr
Page 110 and 111:
Vulnerability of Fuel Supply Disrup
Page 112 and 113:
Figure 2-8. Earthquake Vulnerabilit
Page 114 and 115:
Liquid Fuel TS&D Dependencies on El
Page 116 and 117:
Results from an Argonne National La
Page 118 and 119:
QER Recommendations (continued) Sup
Page 120 and 121:
QER Recommendations (continued) Ana
Page 122 and 123:
Endnotes 1. Government Accountabili
Page 124 and 125:
31. The Climate Institute. “Water
Page 126 and 127:
63. Global Climate Change Research
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
131. Quadrennial Energy Review Anal
Page 132 and 133:
Chapter III MODERNIZING THE ELECTRI
Page 134 and 135:
The Electric Grid in Transition The
Page 136 and 137:
esources, including central station
Page 138 and 139:
demand; and the costs of alternativ
Page 140 and 141:
In the Southwest, transmission buil
Page 142 and 143:
Pumped hydro storage currently repr
Page 144 and 145:
Resilience investments can require
Page 146 and 147:
Communication with Customer Devices
Page 148 and 149:
and maintenance of the interconnect
Page 150 and 151:
technical experts to develop a set
Page 152 and 153:
Table 3-2. Taxonomy of Utility Busi
Page 154 and 155:
Figure 3-6. Select Electricity Juri
Page 156 and 157:
QER Recommendations The Administrat
Page 158 and 159:
QER Recommendations (continued) Coo
Page 160 and 161:
RECOMMENDATIONS IN BRIEF: Modernizi
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
48. North American Electric Reliabi
Page 166 and 167:
Chapter IV MODERNIZING U.S. ENERGY
Page 168 and 169:
A Broad and Collective View of Ener
Page 170 and 171:
States was forecast to become highl
Page 172 and 173:
Changing Global and Domestic Oil Ma
Page 174 and 175:
QER Recommendations SPR MODERNIZATI
Page 176 and 177:
Biofuels and TS&D Infrastructure Is
Page 178 and 179:
QER Recommendations TS&D INFRASTRUC
Page 180 and 181:
The United States and Canada share
Page 182 and 183:
Endnotes 1. Foreign Affairs, Trade
Page 185 and 186:
Chapter V IMPROVING SHARED TRANSPOR
Page 187 and 188:
Increased Use of Shared Transport I
Page 189 and 190:
There are several reasons for this
Page 191 and 192:
Congestion and Competition among Co
Page 193 and 194:
Coal Transportation by Rail Coal re
Page 195 and 196:
Ethanol Transportation by Rail Etha
Page 197 and 198:
QER Recommendations RAIL TRANSPORT
Page 199 and 200:
Figure 5-6. Annual Refinery Receipt
Page 201 and 202:
Funding mechanisms for maintaining
Page 203 and 204:
Inland shippers that want to move a
Page 205 and 206:
DOT reports that connecting roads t
Page 207 and 208:
Uncertainty in U.S. Coal Exports U.
Page 209 and 210:
capacities of 1.5 MW to 2.5 MW, 103
Page 211 and 212:
QER Recommendations PORTS, HARBORS
Page 213 and 214:
QER Recommendations (continued) MOD
Page 215 and 216:
Endnotes 1. Department of Agricultu
Page 217 and 218:
39. Quadrennial Energy Review Analy
Page 219 and 220:
75. Army Corps of Engineers, Planni
Page 221 and 222:
111. Department of Energy. “Wind
Page 223 and 224:
Chapter VI INTEGRATING NORTH AMERIC
Page 225 and 226:
Benefits of North American Energy S
Page 227 and 228:
TS&D infrastructure already plays a
Page 229 and 230:
for electric transmission facilitie
Page 231 and 232:
35, 36 Figure 6-5. U.S. Natural Gas
Page 233 and 234:
pumped hydropower storage could pro
Page 235 and 236:
QER Recommendations NORTH AMERICAN
Page 237 and 238:
Administration Activities and Plans
Page 239 and 240:
Risk and Resilience in the Caribbea
Page 241 and 242:
QER Recommendations CARIBBEAN ENERG
Page 243 and 244:
Endnotes 1. Molburg, J.C., J.A. Kav
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Chapter VI: Integrating North Ameri
Page 249 and 250:
Chapter VII: Addressing Environment
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Chapter VIII: Enhancing Employment
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Chapter IX: Siting and Permitting o
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
9-26 QER Report: Energy Transmi
Page 325 and 326:
Chapter X: Analytical and Stakehold
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347:
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND UNITS APE - Ar
show all

LVXXU

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?