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63. Global Climate Change Research Project. “National Climate Assessment 2014: Alaska.” http://nca2014.globalchange. gov/report/regions/alaska. Accessed February 25, 2015. 64. Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team. “ICS-CERT Monitor, April/May/June 2013.” Department of Homeland Security. https://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/sites/default/files/ICS-CERT_Monitor_April-June2013.pdf. Accessed March 31, 2015. 65. Energy Information Administration. “Natural Gas Monthly.” January 2015. http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/monthly/pdf/ table_13.pdf. Accessed February 25, 2015. 66. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: INTEK Inc. “United States Fuel Resiliency: US Fuels Supply Infrastructure (Vol 1–3).” September 2014. http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library. 67. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. “Annual Report Mileage for Gas Distribution Systems.” 2014. http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/portal/site/PHMSA/ menuitem.6f23687cf7b00b0f22e4c6962d9c8789/?vgnextoid=35d3f5448a359310VgnVCM1000001ecb7898RCRD&vgn extchannel=3430fb649a2dc110VgnVCM1000009ed07898RCRD&vgnextfmt=print. Accessed February 25, 2015. 68. 49 C.F.R. § 192.763, 76 Fed. Reg. 165. January 3, 2011. 69. Shaw, D. et al. “Leak Detection Study.” p. 4–5. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. 2012. http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_4A77C7A89CAA18E285898295888E3DB 9C5924400/filename/Leak%20Detection%20Study.pdf. Accessed March 31, 2015. 70. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. “Pipeline Incident 20 Year Trends.” 2015. http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline/library/datastatistics/pipelineincidenttrends. Accessed February 25, 2015. 71. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous materials Safety Administration. “Pipeline Serious Incidents 20 Year Trend.” 2014. http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline/library/datastatistics/pipelineincidenttrends. Accessed March 4, 2015. 72. Environmental Defense Fund. “Natural gas: Local leaks impact global climate.” http://www.edf.org/climate/ methanemaps. Accessed February 24, 2015. 73. Environmental Defense Fund. “Case study: Indianapolis.” http://www.edf.org/climate/methanemaps/city-snapshots/ indianapolis/case-study. Accessed February 27, 2015. 74. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. “Annual Report for Calendar Year 1990 and 2013 - Gas Distribution System.” http://phmsa.dot.gov/portal/site/PHMSA/menuitem.6f23687cf 7b00b0f22e4c6962d9c8789/?vgnextoid=a872dfa122a1d110VgnVCM1000009ed07898RCRD. 75. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities. “Petition of Bay State Gas Company, pursuant to G.L. c. 164, § 94 and 220 C.M.R. § 5.00 et seq., for Approval of a General Increase in Gas Distribution Rates Proposed in Tariffs M.D.P.U. Nos. 70 through 105, and for Approval of a Revenue Decoupling Mechanism.” p. 133. D.P.U. 09-30. October 30, 2009. 76. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities. “Petition of Boston Gas Company, Essex Gas Company and Colonial Gas Company, each d/b/a National Grid, pursuant to G.L. c. 164, § 94 and 220 C.M.R. § 5.00 et seq., for Approval of a General Increase in Gas Distribution Rates, a Targeted Infrastructure Recovery Factor, and a Revenue Decoupling Mechanism.” D.P.U. 10-55. November 2, 2010. 77. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. “Annual Report for Calendar Year 2008 and 2013 - Gas Distribution System.” menuitem.6f23687cf7b00b0f22e4c6962d9c8789/?vgnextoid=a872dfa122a1d110VgnVCM1000009ed07898RCRD&vgn extchannel=3430fb649a2dc110VgnVCM1000009ed07898RCRD&vgnextfmt=print. Accessed February 27, 2015. 78. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. “Bill H.4164: An Act relative to natural gas leaks.” https://malegislature.gov/ Bills/188/House/H4164/History. Accessed February 27, 2015. QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015 2-47
Chapter II: Increasing the Resilience, Reliability, Safety, and Asset Security of TS&D Infrastructure 79. Yardley Associates. “Gas Distribution Infrastructure: Pipeline Replacement and Upgrades, Cost Recovery Issues and Approaches.” Prepared for the American Gas Foundation. July 2012. 80. Environmental Protection Agency. “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2013.” Annex 3-Table A.140. p. A-195. April 2014. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryreport.html. Accessed December 16, 2014. 81. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. “2013 Gas Distribution Annual, from Form PHMSA F 7100.1-1 (rev 1-2011).” 2014. 82. American Gas Association. “The LDC Story: A Focus on Safety Also Benefits Our Environment.” Public Comments Submitted to the Department of Energy for the Quadrennial Energy Review (submitted October 10, 2014). 83. American Gas Foundation. “Gas Distribution Infrastructure: Pipeline Replacement and Upgrades.” 2012. http://www. gasfoundation.org/researchstudies/agf-infrastructure-2012.pdf. Accessed February 25, 2015. 84. PA PUC Docket No. P-2012-2337737 (April 4, 2013).; NY DPS Docket No. 13-G-0031 (February 2014).; PA PUC Docket No. P-2013-2347340 (PECO).; NJ BPU Docket No. G013020156 (Energy Strong - May 21, 2014).; Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. “Annual Report for Calendar Year 2013 - Gas Distribution System.” http://phmsa.dot.gov/portal/site/PHMSA/menuitem.6f23687cf7b00b0f22e4c6962d9c8789/ ?vgnextoid=a872dfa122a1d110VgnVCM1000009ed07898RCRD&vgnextchannel=3430fb649a2dc110VgnVCM100000 9ed07898RCRD&vgnextfmt=print. Accessed February 27, 2015.; MD PSC Case No. 9331.; MI PSC Case No. U-17643.; PA PUC Docket No. P-2013-2398835 (UGI Utilities).; MI PSC Docket No. U-19999 (April 16, 2013).; NY DPS CASE 12-G-0544 (June 13, 2013).; OH PUC Docket No. 11-3238-GA-RDR (October 26, 2011).; CT PURA Docket No. 10-12-08 (June 29, 2011).; IL ICC 09-0166/09-0167 Consol.; RI PUC Docket No. 4474 (December 16, 2014).; PA PUC Docket No. P-2013-2344595 (May 23, 2013).; PA PUC Docket No. P-2013-2344596 (May 23, 2013).; NY CASE 12-G-0202 (March 15, 2013).; PA PUC Docket No. P-2012-2338282 (March 14, 2013).; ME PUC Docket No. 2011-92 (November 29, 2011).; AR PSC Docket No. 12-045-TF (July 17, 2012). 85. Environmental Protection Agency. “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2013.” Annex 3-Table A.140. p. A-195. April 2014. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryreport.html. Accessed December 16, 2014. 86. Lamb, B. et al. “Direct Measurements Show Decreasing Methane Emissions from Natural Gas Local Distribution Systems in the United States.” Table S5.11. Environmental Science and Technology. DOI: 10.1021/es505116p. March 31, 2015. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es505116p. Accessed April 1, 2015. 87. ICF International. “Economic Analysis of Methane Emission Reduction Opportunities in the U.S. Onshore Oil and Natural Gas Industries.” March 2014. https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/methane_cost_curve_report.pdf. Accessed February 25, 2015. 88. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: INTEK Inc. “United States Fuel Resiliency: US Fuels Supply Infrastructure (Vol 1–3).” September 2014. http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library. 89. Terry D. Boss, Senior Vice President of Environment, Safety and Operations, the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America, personal communication, January 2015. 90. Energy Information Administration. “Compressor Stations on the Interstate Pipeline Network: Developments since 1996.” 2007. http://www.eia.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/analysis_publications/ngcompressor/ngcompressor.pdf. Accessed February 25, 2015. 91. Gas Electric Partnership Research Consortium. “Reliability Review of Electric Motor Drives for Pipeline Centrifugal Compressor Station.” Presentation for the Gas Electric Partnership Conference. Southwest Research institute. February 9, 2012. http://www.gaselectricpartnership.com/GGEP%20Electric%20Motor%20Guidelined.pdf. Accessed February 25, 2015. 92. Judson, N. “Interdependence of the Electricity Generation System and the Natural Gas System and Implications for Energy Security.” p. 8. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory. May 2013. 2-48 QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015
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QUADRENNIAL ENERGY REVIEW: ENERGY T
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Preface In June 2013, through the P
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Presidential Memorandum The White H
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(xx) the Small Business Administrat
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..........
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure SPM-1. Age b
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Figure 7-7. Conditions Affecting Li
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Summary TRANSFORMING U.S. ENERGY IN
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same systems (e.g., ports and railw
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Aging Infrastructure and Changing R
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Actions taken in the first term of
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Figure SPM-3. Billion-Dollar Disast
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Key Findings Mitigating energy disr
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Recommendations in Brief To continu
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The potential range of new transmis
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Improve grid communication through
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Undertake a study of the relationsh
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• Doubling the size of the Inland
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Key Findings The United States has
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Promote Caribbean energy TS&D infra
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Recommendations in Brief Improve qu
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• Developing curricula and certif
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(2) the Fish and Wildlife Service I
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Table SPM-2. Examples of Federal Me
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Chapter I INTRODUCTION This chapter
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The requirements that this TS&D inf
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Increases in U.S. Oil and Natural G
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Increased Deployment of Renewable E
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Figure 1-3. Percent Change in Retai
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Climate Science The key conclusions
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Figure 1-7. Change in Annual Averag
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Other actions to deploy low-carbon
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Figure 1-8. Historic and Projected
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Government can build and incentiviz
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Notes: 1. Analyses were conducted w
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Organization of the Remainder of th
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Endnotes 1. Edison Electric Institu
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Biofuels and TS&D Infrastructure Is
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QER Recommendations TS&D INFRASTRUC
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The United States and Canada share
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Endnotes 1. Foreign Affairs, Trade
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Chapter V IMPROVING SHARED TRANSPOR
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Increased Use of Shared Transport I
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There are several reasons for this
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Congestion and Competition among Co
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Coal Transportation by Rail Coal re
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Ethanol Transportation by Rail Etha
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QER Recommendations RAIL TRANSPORT
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Figure 5-6. Annual Refinery Receipt
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Funding mechanisms for maintaining
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Inland shippers that want to move a
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DOT reports that connecting roads t
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Uncertainty in U.S. Coal Exports U.
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capacities of 1.5 MW to 2.5 MW, 103
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QER Recommendations PORTS, HARBORS
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QER Recommendations (continued) MOD
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Endnotes 1. Department of Agricultu
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39. Quadrennial Energy Review Analy
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75. Army Corps of Engineers, Planni
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111. Department of Energy. “Wind
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Chapter VI INTEGRATING NORTH AMERIC
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Benefits of North American Energy S
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TS&D infrastructure already plays a
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for electric transmission facilitie
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35, 36 Figure 6-5. U.S. Natural Gas
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pumped hydropower storage could pro
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QER Recommendations NORTH AMERICAN
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Administration Activities and Plans
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Risk and Resilience in the Caribbea
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QER Recommendations CARIBBEAN ENERG
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Endnotes 1. Molburg, J.C., J.A. Kav
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35. Energy Information Administrati
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Chapter VI: Integrating North Ameri
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Chapter VII: Addressing Environment
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Chapter VIII: Enhancing Employment
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9-26 QER Report: Energy Transmi
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Chapter X: Analytical and Stakehold
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND UNITS APE - Ar
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