LVXXU

Recommendations

Info

Chapter VI: Integrating North American Energy Markets Caribbean would require the TS&D infrastructure associated with LNG imports. To date, Caribbean demand has been too small to justify the expense of the necessary infrastructure. However, a 2014 study commissioned by the Inter-American Development Bank determined that establishing a natural gas supply chain in the Caribbean (based on small-scale LNG transport and floating regasification infrastructure) presented an r, 60 economical method of displacing fuel oil as a method for energy delivery to eight Caribbean region nations. The study estimated a 30 percent decrease in carbon dioxide emission by 2032, resulting from the displacement of fuel oil by natural gas in current generation. 61 Other proposals to displace fuel oil have gained traction, including the use of propane, other liquid fuels, and renewable sources for electricity generation. In July 2013, the U.S. Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority began the process to design and construct propane TS&D infrastructure for two electricity generation units in St. Croix and St. Thomas. To produce the same amount of electricity as the fuel oil plants they are replacing, the propane generators will emit on average 96 percent less sulfur dioxide, 84 percent less coarse particulate matter, 85 percent less carbon monoxide, 24 percent less nitrogen oxide, and 17 percent less greenhouse gases. 62 Administration Activities and Plans U.S.-CARICOM Summit—Deepening Energy Cooperation. In April 2015, President Obama met with Caribbean leaders in a U.S.-CARICOM Summit in Kingston, Jamaica, to reaffirm the importance of our relationship with the region and the United States’ commitment to partner with Caribbean countries to advance economic development, security, and good governance. Leaders discussed a broad range of issues, from our important trade and investment linkages to security cooperation, including the importance of improving energy security, reducing energy costs, and fighting climate change. This follows robust engagement on these issues over the last year, including the White House Caribbean Energy Security Summit hosted by the Vice President in January 2015 and the launch of the Caribbean Energy Security Initiative (CESI) coordinated by the State Department. The United States is deepening this collaboration through a Clean Energy Finance Facility for the Caribbean and Central America; an Energy Security Task Force, driving clean energy finance to support renewable energy and clean energy technology collaboration to promote energy efficiency and storage; spurring a clean energy transition; greening tourism through a new Clean Energy Program to establish the pre-conditions for clean energy development, optimize renewable energy integration, and accelerate private-sector clean energy investment. Caribbean Energy Security Initiative. In 2014, Vice President Biden announced CESI, which recognizes the diversity of Caribbean nation economies, natural resources, and energy constraints. Led by the State Department, in coordination with the U.S. Overseas Private Investment Corporation, DOE, and other agencies, CESI seeks to improve energy sector governance, to increase access to affordable finance, and to improve communication and coordination among regional governments and their development partners. CESI also is aimed at the full spectrum of the Caribbean energy sector, from production and generation through transmission, storage, and distribution to end uses. This scope is broader than the transmission, storage, and distribution focus of this Quadrennial Energy Review, but infrastructure will play a key role in the success of the projects under CESI. On January 26, 2015, the Vice President, Energy Secretary Moniz, Deputy Secretary of State Blinken, and other senior Administration officials joined Caribbean heads of government, multilateral development banks, and other international partners in a Caribbean Energy Security Summit in Washington, D.C. The summit highlighted ongoing CESI efforts, such as improved governance of the energy sector, and recognized the continuing need for legal and regulatory reforms to introduce a broad range of clean energy technologies into the Caribbean. A variety of other commitments to promote and finance clean energy projects were announced. Administration engagement to promote energy security in the Caribbean, including through support for the necessary transmission, storage, and distribution infrastructure, will continue to be a priority. r The Inter-American Development Bank study discussed the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, the Dominican Republic, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, and Suriname. 6-18 QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015
QER Recommendations CARIBBEAN ENERGY TS&D INFRASTRUCTURE The Department of Energy recommends that, as part of a larger Caribbean strategy, the United States should support the diversification of energy supplies, including actions to facilitate the introduction of cleaner forms of energy and the development of resilient energy infrastructure in the Caribbean. QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015 6-19
Page 1 and 2:
QUADRENNIAL ENERGY REVIEW: ENERGY T
Page 3 and 4:
Preface In June 2013, through the P
Page 5 and 6:
Presidential Memorandum The White H
Page 7 and 8:
(xx) the Small Business Administrat
Page 9 and 10:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..........
Page 11 and 12:
LIST OF FIGURES Figure SPM-1. Age b
Page 13 and 14:
Figure 7-7. Conditions Affecting Li
Page 15 and 16:
Summary TRANSFORMING U.S. ENERGY IN
Page 17 and 18:
same systems (e.g., ports and railw
Page 19 and 20:
Aging Infrastructure and Changing R
Page 21 and 22:
Actions taken in the first term of
Page 23 and 24:
Figure SPM-3. Billion-Dollar Disast
Page 25 and 26:
Key Findings Mitigating energy disr
Page 27 and 28:
Recommendations in Brief To continu
Page 29 and 30:
The potential range of new transmis
Page 31 and 32:
Improve grid communication through
Page 33 and 34:
Undertake a study of the relationsh
Page 35 and 36:
• Doubling the size of the Inland
Page 37 and 38:
Key Findings The United States has
Page 39 and 40:
Promote Caribbean energy TS&D infra
Page 41 and 42:
Recommendations in Brief Improve qu
Page 43 and 44:
• Developing curricula and certif
Page 45 and 46:
(2) the Fish and Wildlife Service I
Page 47 and 48:
Table SPM-2. Examples of Federal Me
Page 50 and 51:
Chapter I INTRODUCTION This chapter
Page 52 and 53:
The requirements that this TS&D inf
Page 54 and 55:
Increases in U.S. Oil and Natural G
Page 56 and 57:
Increased Deployment of Renewable E
Page 58 and 59:
Figure 1-3. Percent Change in Retai
Page 60 and 61:
Climate Science The key conclusions
Page 62 and 63:
Figure 1-7. Change in Annual Averag
Page 64 and 65:
Other actions to deploy low-carbon
Page 66 and 67:
Figure 1-8. Historic and Projected
Page 68 and 69:
Government can build and incentiviz
Page 70 and 71:
Notes: 1. Analyses were conducted w
Page 72 and 73:
Organization of the Remainder of th
Page 74 and 75:
Endnotes 1. Edison Electric Institu
Page 76 and 77:
39. Energy Information Administrati
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Chapter II INCREASING THE RESILIENC
Page 82 and 83:
The Importance of Resilient, Reliab
Page 84 and 85:
Figure 2-1. Illustration of Tornado
Page 86 and 87:
Continued increases in extreme weat
Page 88 and 89:
Weather-Related and Other Reliabili
Page 90 and 91:
Drought is also problematic. In 201
Page 92 and 93:
Electricity TS&D Vulnerabilities Va
Page 94 and 95:
Distribution hardening projects are
Page 96 and 97:
Although pipelines above and below
Page 98 and 99:
Safety and Methane Emissions from G
Page 100 and 101:
Indianapolis’ in 2013 (see Figure
Page 102 and 103:
Natural Gas Infrastructure Dependen
Page 104 and 105:
• The changing geography of natur
Page 106 and 107:
ose to greater than $34 per million
Page 108 and 109:
NE MN IA MO WI IL MI IN KY TN OH Gr
Page 110 and 111:
Vulnerability of Fuel Supply Disrup
Page 112 and 113:
Figure 2-8. Earthquake Vulnerabilit
Page 114 and 115:
Liquid Fuel TS&D Dependencies on El
Page 116 and 117:
Results from an Argonne National La
Page 118 and 119:
QER Recommendations (continued) Sup
Page 120 and 121:
QER Recommendations (continued) Ana
Page 122 and 123:
Endnotes 1. Government Accountabili
Page 124 and 125:
31. The Climate Institute. “Water
Page 126 and 127:
63. Global Climate Change Research
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
131. Quadrennial Energy Review Anal
Page 132 and 133:
Chapter III MODERNIZING THE ELECTRI
Page 134 and 135:
The Electric Grid in Transition The
Page 136 and 137:
esources, including central station
Page 138 and 139:
demand; and the costs of alternativ
Page 140 and 141:
In the Southwest, transmission buil
Page 142 and 143:
Pumped hydro storage currently repr
Page 144 and 145:
Resilience investments can require
Page 146 and 147:
Communication with Customer Devices
Page 148 and 149:
and maintenance of the interconnect
Page 150 and 151:
technical experts to develop a set
Page 152 and 153:
Table 3-2. Taxonomy of Utility Busi
Page 154 and 155:
Figure 3-6. Select Electricity Juri
Page 156 and 157:
QER Recommendations The Administrat
Page 158 and 159:
QER Recommendations (continued) Coo
Page 160 and 161:
RECOMMENDATIONS IN BRIEF: Modernizi
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
48. North American Electric Reliabi
Page 166 and 167:
Chapter IV MODERNIZING U.S. ENERGY
Page 168 and 169:
A Broad and Collective View of Ener
Page 170 and 171:
States was forecast to become highl
Page 172 and 173:
Changing Global and Domestic Oil Ma
Page 174 and 175:
QER Recommendations SPR MODERNIZATI
Page 176 and 177:
Biofuels and TS&D Infrastructure Is
Page 178 and 179:
QER Recommendations TS&D INFRASTRUC
Page 180 and 181:
The United States and Canada share
Page 182 and 183:
Endnotes 1. Foreign Affairs, Trade
Page 185 and 186:
Chapter V IMPROVING SHARED TRANSPOR
Page 187 and 188:
Increased Use of Shared Transport I
Page 189 and 190: There are several reasons for this
Page 191 and 192: Congestion and Competition among Co
Page 193 and 194: Coal Transportation by Rail Coal re
Page 195 and 196: Ethanol Transportation by Rail Etha
Page 197 and 198: QER Recommendations RAIL TRANSPORT
Page 199 and 200: Figure 5-6. Annual Refinery Receipt
Page 201 and 202: Funding mechanisms for maintaining
Page 203 and 204: Inland shippers that want to move a
Page 205 and 206: DOT reports that connecting roads t
Page 207 and 208: Uncertainty in U.S. Coal Exports U.
Page 209 and 210: capacities of 1.5 MW to 2.5 MW, 103
Page 211 and 212: QER Recommendations PORTS, HARBORS
Page 213 and 214: QER Recommendations (continued) MOD
Page 215 and 216: Endnotes 1. Department of Agricultu
Page 217 and 218: 39. Quadrennial Energy Review Analy
Page 219 and 220: 75. Army Corps of Engineers, Planni
Page 221 and 222: 111. Department of Energy. “Wind
Page 223 and 224: Chapter VI INTEGRATING NORTH AMERIC
Page 225 and 226: Benefits of North American Energy S
Page 227 and 228: TS&D infrastructure already plays a
Page 229 and 230: for electric transmission facilitie
Page 231 and 232: 35, 36 Figure 6-5. U.S. Natural Gas
Page 233 and 234: pumped hydropower storage could pro
Page 235 and 236: QER Recommendations NORTH AMERICAN
Page 237 and 238: Administration Activities and Plans
Page 239: Risk and Resilience in the Caribbea
Page 243 and 244: Endnotes 1. Molburg, J.C., J.A. Kav
Page 245 and 246: 35. Energy Information Administrati
Page 247 and 248: Chapter VI: Integrating North Ameri
Page 249 and 250: Chapter VII: Addressing Environment
Page 285 and 286: Chapter VIII: Enhancing Employment
Page 291 and 292:
Chapter VIII: Enhancing Employment
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Chapter IX: Siting and Permitting o
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
9-26 QER Report: Energy Transmi
Page 325 and 326:
Chapter X: Analytical and Stakehold
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347:
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND UNITS APE - Ar
show all

LVXXU

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?