LVXXU

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure SPM-1. Age by Decade of U.S. Gas Transmission and Gathering Pipelines...................................................................S-6
Figure SPM-2. Historic and Projected U.S. Emissions under Obama Administration Targets................................................S-8
Figure SPM-3. Billion-Dollar Disaster Event Types by Year.........................................................................................................S-9
Figure SPM-4. Gulf Coast Electricity Substation Facilities Exposure under Different Sea-Level Rise Scenarios................S-10
Figure SPM-5. Investment in Transmission Infrastructure by Investor-Owned Utilities, 1997–2012..................................S-14
Figure SPM-6. Recommendations Requiring Legislative Authorization...................................................................................S-32
Figure 1-1. Age by Decade of U.S. Gas Transmission and Gathering Pipelines.........................................................................1-4
Figure 1-2. U.S. Electricity Use and Economic Growth (3-Year Compound Growth Rate), 1950–2040................................1-8
Figure 1-3. Percent Change in Retail Electricity Sales (kilowatt-hours), 2008–2013.................................................................1-9
Figure 1-4 Investment in Transmission Infrastructure by Investor-Owned Utilities, 1997–2012.........................................1-10
Figure 1-5. Global Average Surface Air Temperature Relative to the 1951–1980 Average.....................................................1-11
Figure 1-6. Observed Change in Very Heavy Precipitation.........................................................................................................1-12
Figure 1-7. Change in Annual Average Air Temperature between 1970–1999 and 2070–2099 under Low- and High-
Emission Scenarios for Global GHGs............................................................................................................................................1-13
Figure 1-8. Historic and Projected U.S. Emissions under Obama Administration Targets....................................................1-17
Figure 1-9. Objectives, Goals, and Organization of the QER......................................................................................................1-20
Figure 2-1. Illustration of Tornado and Hurricane Tracks, Wildfires, Earthquakes, and Coastal Inundation.......................2-5
Figure 2-2. Billion-Dollar Disaster Event Types by Year................................................................................................................2-6
Figure 2-3. Electric Disturbance Events, January 2011–August 2014; Customer Hours Affected by Electric Disturbance
Events, 2011–August 2014.................................................................................................................................................................2-9
Figure 2-4. Gulf Coast Electricity Substation Facilities’ Exposure to Storm Surge under Different Sea-Level
Rise Scenarios....................................................................................................................................................................................2-10
Figure 2-5. Total Incidents, Injuries, and Fatalities Associated with U.S. Natural Gas Pipelines, 2004–2013......................2-19
Figure 2- 6. Methane Emissions from Natural Gas Distribution Systems in Indianapolis and Boston, 2013......................2-20
Figure 2-7. Natural Gas Price Differentials between Henry Hub and Key Trading Points.....................................................2-26
Figure 2-8. Earthquake Vulnerability Hazard Regions Severity Indices for Earthquakes.......................................................2-33
Figure 2-9. Rail Thermal Misalignment.........................................................................................................................................2-36
Figure 3-1. The Electric Grid.............................................................................................................................................................3-3
Figure 3-2. Historic and Projected Expansion of Net Transmission Circuit Miles....................................................................3-7
Figure 3-3. Investment in Transmission Infrastructure by Investor‐Owned Utilities, 1997–2012..........................................3-8
Figure 3-4. Transmission Operation and Planning Functions Shown by Timescale.................................................................3-9
QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015
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