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Endnotes 1. Edison Electric Institute. “EEI Statistical Yearbook 2013.” Table 10.6. http://www.eei.org/resourcesandmedia/products/ Pages/ProductDetails.aspx?prod=617A7D67-9678-44FC-AE6F-6876ADAE7406&type=S. Accessed March 18, 2015. 2. Platts. “Platts UDI Directory of Electric Power Producers and Distributors, 122nd Edition of the Electrical World Directory.” p. vi. 2014. 3. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis. 2015. 4. Department of Energy. “Grid 2030: A National Vision for Electricity’s Second Hundred Years.” 2003. http://www.ferc. gov/eventcalendar/files/20050608125055-grid-2030.pdf. Accessed January 26, 2015. 5. Edison Electric Institute. “Transforming America’s Power Industry: The Investment Challenge 2010-2030.” November 2008. http://www.eei.org/ourissues/finance/Documents/Transforming_Americas_Power_Industry_Exec_Summary.pdf. Accessed January 15, 2015. 6. Department of Transportation. “The State of the National Pipeline Infrastructure.” p. 7. 2011. https://opsweb.phmsa. dot.gov/pipelineforum/docs/Secretarys%20Infrastructure%20Report_Revised%20per%20PHC_103111.pdf. 7. Energy Information Administration. “Crude Oil Production.” December 30, 2014. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_ crd_crpdn_adc_mbblpd_a.htm. Accessed January 15, 2015. 8. Energy Information Administration. “U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves: With data for 2013.” December 4, 2014. http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/crudeoilreserves/. Accessed February 2, 2015. 9. Energy Information Administration. “Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and Production.” December 4, 2014. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_crd_pres_a_EPC0_R01_mmbbl_a.htm. Accessed February 2, 2015. 10. Energy Information Administration. “Natural Gas Summary.” January 30, 2015. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_sum_ lsum_dcu_nus_a.htm. Accessed February 2, 2015. 11. Energy Information Administration. “Natural Gas Summary.” January 30, 2015. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_sum_ lsum_dcu_nus_a.htm. Accessed February 25, 2015. 12. Energy Information Administration. “Natural Gas.” http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_enr_shalegas_dcu_NUS_a.htm. Accessed February 25, 2015. 13. Energy Information Administration. “Shale Gas.” December 4, 2014. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_sum_lsum_dcu_ nus_a.htm. Accessed February 2, 2015. 14. Energy Information Administration. “U.S. Crude Oil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves.” December 4, 2014. http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/crudeoilreserves/. Accessed January 15, 2015. 15. Energy information Administration. “U.S. Product Supplied of Finished Motor Gasoline.” January 29, 2015. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=pet&s=mgfupus1&f=a. Accessed February 26, 2015. 16. Environmental Protection Agency. “News Release: U.S. Fuel Economy Researches All-Time High/Fuel Economy Gains For New Vehicles Continue Under President Obama’s Clean Car Program.” October 8, 2014. http://yosemite. epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/bd4379a92ceceeac8525735900400c27/87acb71855bed86585257d6b0052c584!OpenDocu ment. Accessed January 15, 2015. 17. The White House. “Obama Administration Finalizes Historic 54.5 MPG Fuel efficiency Standards.” August 28, 2012. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/08/28/obama-administration-finalizes-historic-545-mpg-fuel-efficiencystandard. Accessed February 2, 2015. 18. Natural Gas Intelligence. “NGV Market Holds 1Bcf/d Potential, Raymond James Says.” Daily GPI. May 15, 2012. http://www.naturalgasintel.com/articles/89411-ngv-market-holds-1bcf-d-potential-raymond-james-says. Accessed April 18, 2015. QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015 1-25
Chapter I: Introduction 19. Energy Information Administration. “Annual Energy Outlook 2014: Market Trends: Liquid fuels.” May 7, 2014. http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/MT_liquidfuels.cfm. Accessed January 15, 2015. 20. Energy Information Administration. “Biofuels Issues and Trends.” October 2012. http://www.eia.gov/biofuels/ issuestrends/pdf/bit.pdf. Accessed February 2, 2015. 21. Department of Transportation. “U.S. Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled.” February 2013. http://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/ publications/multimodal_transportation_indicators/2013_02/system_performance/us_highway_vehicle_miles. Accessed January 15, 2015. 22. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. “Historical Monthly VMT Report.” http://www. fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/travel_monitoring/historicvmt.cfm. Accessed February 2, 2015. 23. Energy Information Administration. “U.S. Net Imports of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products.” January 29, 2015. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=MTTNTUS2&f=M. Accessed February 26, 2015. 24. Energy Information Administration. “Petroleum & Other Liquids: U.S. Imports by Country of Origin.” December 30, 2014. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_a2_nus_ep00_im0_mbbl_m.htm. Accessed January 15, 2015. 25. Energy Information Administration. “Petroleum Navigator.” http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_cons_psup_dc_nus_ mbblpd_m.htm. Accessed March 4 2015. 26. Energy Information Administration. “Weekly Imports and Exports.” February 25, 2015. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/ pet_move_wkly_dc_NUS-Z00_mbblpd_w.htm. Accessed February 26, 2015. 27. Energy Information Administration. “U.S. Exports of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products.” January 29, 2015. http:// www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=MTTEXUS1&f=M. Accessed February 26, 2015. 28. Energy Information Administration. “Petroleum & Other Liquids: Exports.” December 30, 2014. http://www.eia.gov/ dnav/pet/pet_move_exp_dc_nus-z00_mbblpd_m.htm. Accessed January 15, 2015. 29. Energy Information Administration. “Locations of U.S. Natural Gas Import and Export Points.” 2009. http://www.eia. gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/analysis_publications/ngpipeline/impex_list.html. Accessed February 2, 2015. 30. Energy Information Administration. “Workbook Contents.” December 31, 2014. http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/ pipelines/EIA-StatetoStateCapacity.xls. 31. Energy Information Administration. “U.S. natural gas exports to Mexico reach record high in 2012.” Today in Energy. March 13, 2013. http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=10351. Accessed January 15, 2015. 32. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy. “Natural Gas Imports and Exports Second Quarter Report 2014.” p. 15. http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/10/f19/2nd14ng.pdf. Accessed January 15, 2015. 33. Congressional Budget Office. “The Economic and Budgetary Effects of Producing Oil and Natural Gas from Shale.” p. 1. December 9, 2014. http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/49815-Effects_of_Shale_Production. pdf. Accessed January 15, 2015. 34. Thompson, J. “Booming Shale Gas Production Drives Texas Petrochemical Surge.” Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas. Fourth Quarter 2012. http://www.dallasfed.org/assets/documents/research/swe/2012/swe1204h.pdf. Accessed January 15, 2015. 35. Energy Information Administration. “Natural Gas Consumption by End Use – Industrial.” December 31, 2014. http:// www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_cons_sum_dcu_nus_m.htm. Accessed January 15, 2015. 36. Energy Information Administration. “Annual Energy Outlook 2014.” Table A2. April 2014. http://www.eia.gov/ forecasts/aeo/pdf/0383(2014).pdf. Accessed February 2, 2015. 37. Energy Information Administration. “Net generation for all sectors, annual.” Electricity Data Browser. http://www.eia. gov/electricity/data/browser. Accessed February 2, 2015. 38. Energy Information Administration. “Net generation for all sectors, annual.” Electricity Data Browser. http://www.eia. gov/electricity/data/browser. Accessed February 26, 2015. 1-26 QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015
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QUADRENNIAL ENERGY REVIEW: ENERGY T
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Preface In June 2013, through the P
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Presidential Memorandum The White H
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(xx) the Small Business Administrat
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..........
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure SPM-1. Age b
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Figure 7-7. Conditions Affecting Li
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Summary TRANSFORMING U.S. ENERGY IN
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same systems (e.g., ports and railw
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Aging Infrastructure and Changing R
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Actions taken in the first term of
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Page 25 and 26: Key Findings Mitigating energy disr
Page 27 and 28: Recommendations in Brief To continu
Page 29 and 30: The potential range of new transmis
Page 31 and 32: Improve grid communication through
Page 33 and 34: Undertake a study of the relationsh
Page 35 and 36: • Doubling the size of the Inland
Page 37 and 38: Key Findings The United States has
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Page 41 and 42: Recommendations in Brief Improve qu
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Page 47 and 48: Table SPM-2. Examples of Federal Me
Page 50 and 51: Chapter I INTRODUCTION This chapter
Page 52 and 53: The requirements that this TS&D inf
Page 54 and 55: Increases in U.S. Oil and Natural G
Page 56 and 57: Increased Deployment of Renewable E
Page 58 and 59: Figure 1-3. Percent Change in Retai
Page 60 and 61: Climate Science The key conclusions
Page 62 and 63: Figure 1-7. Change in Annual Averag
Page 64 and 65: Other actions to deploy low-carbon
Page 66 and 67: Figure 1-8. Historic and Projected
Page 68 and 69: Government can build and incentiviz
Page 70 and 71: Notes: 1. Analyses were conducted w
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Page 92 and 93: Electricity TS&D Vulnerabilities Va
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Page 116 and 117: Results from an Argonne National La
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Page 122 and 123: Endnotes 1. Government Accountabili
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31. The Climate Institute. “Water
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63. Global Climate Change Research
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93. Energy Information Administrati
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131. Quadrennial Energy Review Anal
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Chapter III MODERNIZING THE ELECTRI
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The Electric Grid in Transition The
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esources, including central station
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demand; and the costs of alternativ
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In the Southwest, transmission buil
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Pumped hydro storage currently repr
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Resilience investments can require
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Communication with Customer Devices
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and maintenance of the interconnect
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technical experts to develop a set
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Table 3-2. Taxonomy of Utility Busi
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Figure 3-6. Select Electricity Juri
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QER Recommendations The Administrat
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QER Recommendations (continued) Coo
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RECOMMENDATIONS IN BRIEF: Modernizi
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48. North American Electric Reliabi
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Chapter IV MODERNIZING U.S. ENERGY
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A Broad and Collective View of Ener
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States was forecast to become highl
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Changing Global and Domestic Oil Ma
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QER Recommendations SPR MODERNIZATI
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Biofuels and TS&D Infrastructure Is
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QER Recommendations TS&D INFRASTRUC
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The United States and Canada share
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Endnotes 1. Foreign Affairs, Trade
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Chapter V IMPROVING SHARED TRANSPOR
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Increased Use of Shared Transport I
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There are several reasons for this
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Congestion and Competition among Co
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Coal Transportation by Rail Coal re
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Ethanol Transportation by Rail Etha
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QER Recommendations RAIL TRANSPORT
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Figure 5-6. Annual Refinery Receipt
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Funding mechanisms for maintaining
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Inland shippers that want to move a
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DOT reports that connecting roads t
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Uncertainty in U.S. Coal Exports U.
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capacities of 1.5 MW to 2.5 MW, 103
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QER Recommendations PORTS, HARBORS
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QER Recommendations (continued) MOD
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Endnotes 1. Department of Agricultu
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39. Quadrennial Energy Review Analy
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75. Army Corps of Engineers, Planni
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111. Department of Energy. “Wind
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Chapter VI INTEGRATING NORTH AMERIC
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Benefits of North American Energy S
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TS&D infrastructure already plays a
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for electric transmission facilitie
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35, 36 Figure 6-5. U.S. Natural Gas
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pumped hydropower storage could pro
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QER Recommendations NORTH AMERICAN
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Administration Activities and Plans
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Risk and Resilience in the Caribbea
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QER Recommendations CARIBBEAN ENERG
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Endnotes 1. Molburg, J.C., J.A. Kav
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Chapter VI: Integrating North Ameri
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Chapter VII: Addressing Environment
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Chapter VIII: Enhancing Employment
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Chapter IX: Siting and Permitting o
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Chapter X: Analytical and Stakehold
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND UNITS APE - Ar
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