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82. Environmental Protection Agency. “Port Stakeholders Summit: Advancing More Sustainable Ports.” April 8, 2014. http://www2.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-07/documents/ports-stakeholder-summit-summary-040814.pdf. Accessed January 15, 2015. 83. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development. “Cicero Rail Yard Study (CIRYS) Final Report.” February 2014. http://nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/P100IVT3.pdf. Accessed January 15, 2015. 84. Hartley, S.W. et al. “Estimation of Diesel Particulate Matter Concentration Isopleths at 47 Marine Harbor Areas.” Proceedings of the Air and Waste Management Association 101st Annual Conference and Exhibition. 2008. 85. Rosenbaum, A. and C. Holder. “Estimation of Diesel Particulate Matter Health Risk Disparities in Selected U.S. Harbor Areas.” American Journal of Public Health. 2011. http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/ AJPH.2011.300190. Accessed on January 21, 2015. 86. Environmental Protection Agency New England. “Health Effects: Diesel Exhaust and Your Health.” http://www.epa. gov/region1/eco/diesel/health_effects.html. Accessed January 15, 2015. 87. Fann, N., K.R. Baker and C.M. Fulcher. “Characterizing the PM 2.5 -Related Health Benefits of Emission Reductions for 17 Industrial, Area and Mobile Emission Sectors Across the U.S.” Environment International. 49. p. 41–151. 2012. http://www2.epa.gov/benmap/estimating-benefit-ton-reducing-pm25-precursors-17-sectors. Accessed April 1, 2015. 88. California Air Resources Board. “Final Regulation Order-Airborne Toxic Control Measure for Auxiliary Diesel Engines Operated on Ocean-Going Vessels At-Berth in a California Port.” p. 8. http://www.arb.ca.gov/ports/ shorepower/finalregulation.pdf#page=28. Accessed March 17, 2015. 89. California Air Resources Board. “Shore Power for Ocean-going Vessels.” http://www.arb.ca.gov/ports/shorepower/ shorepower.htm. Accessed April 1, 2015. 90. European Commission. “Clean Power for Transport-Alternative Fuels for sustainable mobility in Europe.” http://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/urban/cpt/index_en.htm. Accessed March 17, 2015. 91. Fann, N., K.R. Baker and C.M. Fulcher. “Characterizing the PM 2.5 -Related Health Benefits of Emission Reductions for 17 Industrial, Area and Mobile Emission Sectors Across the U.S.” Environment International. 49. p. 41–151. 2012. Related data and map are available at http://www.epa.gov/airquality/benmap/models/Source_Apportionment_BPT_ TSD_1_31_13.pdf. 92. Argonne National Laboratory. “Transportation Energy Futures Series: Potential for Energy Efficiency Improvement Beyond the Light-Duty-Vehicle Sector.” 2013. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/55637.pdf. Accessed January 15, 2015. 93. Argonne National Laboratory. “Transportation Energy Futures Series: Potential for Energy Efficiency Improvement Beyond the Light-Duty-Vehicle Sector.” 2013. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/55637.pdf. Accessed January 15, 2015. 94. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. “Draft Regulatory Impact Analysis for Hazardous Materials: Enhanced Tank Car Standards and Operational Controls for High-Hazard Flammable Trains; Notice of Proposed Rulemaking.” Docket No. PHMSA-2012-0082 (HM-251). July 2014. 95. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. “All Reported Pipeline Incidents.” http://opsweb.phmsa.dot.gov/primis_pdm/all_reported_inc_trend.asp. Accessed January 16, 2015. 96. American Petroleum Institute. “Analysis of U.S. Oil Spillage: 10 year average of barrels hazardous liquid spilled per year 1998-2007.” 2009. http://www.api.org/environmenthealth-and-safety/clean-water/oil-spill-prevention-and-response/~/ media/93371edfb94c4b4d9c6bbc766f0c4a40.ashx. Accessed January 16, 2015. 97. American Petroleum Institute. “Analysis of U.S. Oil Spillage: 10-year average of barrels crude oil spilled per year 1998- 2007.” 2009. http://www.api.org/environmenthealth-and-safety/clean-water/oil-spill-prevention-and-response/~/media/933 71edfb94c4b4d9c6bbc766f0c4a40.ashx. Accessed January 16, 2015. 98. Department of Transportation. “Table 4-54: Petroleum Oil Spills Impacting Navigable U.S. Waterways.” http://www. rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_04_54.html. Accessed February 12, 2015. QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015 7-33
Chapter VII: Addressing Environmental Aspects of TS&D Infrastructure 99. Adapted from Christopherson, S. and K. Dave. “A New Era of Crude Oil Transport: Risks and Impacts in the Great Lakes Basin.” https://cardi.cals.cornell.edu/sites/cardi.cals.cornell.edu/files/shared/documents/CardiReports/A-New-Era-of- Crude-Oil-Transport.pdf. Accessed February 23, 2015. 100. Argonne National Laboratory. “Baseline and Projected Water Demand Data for Energy and Competing Water Use Sectors.” November 2008. https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/policy/acsonthehill/briefings/energywaternexus/11- 08-anl-water-demand-for-energy-competing-sectors.pdf. Accessed February 11, 2015. 101. Argonne National Laboratory. “Baseline and Projected Water Demand Data for Energy and Competing Water Use Sectors.” November 2008. https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/policy/acsonthehill/briefings/energywaternexus/11- 08-anl-water-demand-for-energy-competing-sectors.pdf. Accessed February 11, 2015. 102. Department of Energy. “The Water-Energy Nexus: Challenges and Opportunities” Table 2.2. June 2014. http://www. energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/06/f16/Water%20Energy%20Nexus%20Report%20June%202014.pdf. Accessed January 16, 2015. 103. Environmental Protection Agency. “Water Permitting NPDES.” http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/npdes/. Accessed March 18, 2015. 104. Environmental Protection Agency. “Biofuels and the Environment: First Triennial Report to Congress.” 2012. http://www.epa.gov/ncea/biofuels/index.htm. Accessed January 16, 2015. 105. Department of Energy. “The Water-Energy Nexus: Challenges and Opportunities.” June 2014. http://www.energy.gov/ sites/prod/files/2014/06/f16/Water%20Energy%20Nexus%20Report%20June%202014.pdf. Accessed January 16, 2015. 106. Environmental Protection Agency. “Biofuels and the Environment: First Triennial Report to Congress.” p. 3–19. 2012. http://www.epa.gov/ncea/biofuels/index.htm. Accessed January 16, 2015. 107. Environmental Protection Agency. “Biofuels and the Environment: First Triennial Report to Congress.” p. 3–19. 2012. http://www.epa.gov/ncea/biofuels/index.htm. Accessed January 16, 2015. 108. Department of Energy. “The Water-Energy Nexus: Challenges and Opportunities.” Table 2.2. June 2014. http://www. energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/06/f16/Water%20Energy%20Nexus%20Report%20June%202014.pdf. Accessed January 16, 2015. 109. Army Corps of Engineers. “Overview of Corps National Dredging Program and Regulations.” 2009. http://www. nwp.usace.army.mil/Portals/24/docs/navigation/2013%20Dredging%20and%20Resource%20Agency%20meeting.pdf. Accessed January 16, 2015. 110. Army Corps of Engineers. “Dredging Operations and Environmental Research (DOER).” http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/ dots/doer/doer.html. Accessed March 18, 2015. 111. National Transportation Safety Board. “Safety Study; Integrity Management of Gas Transmission Pipelines in High Consequence Areas.” 2015. http://www.ntsb.gov/news/events/Documents/2015_Gas_Transmission_SS_BMG_Abstract. pdf. Accessed February 25, 2015. 112. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Wallace W. et al. “A Review of the CO 2 Pipeline Infrastructure in the U.S.” National Energy Technology Laboratory. DOE/NETL-2014/1681. April 2015. http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-documentlibrary. 113. Energy Information Administration. “Annual Energy Outlook 2014.” April 2014. http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/ pdf/0383(2014).pdf. Accessed January 15, 2015. 114. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Wallace W. et al. “A Review of the CO 2 Pipeline Infrastructure in the U.S.” National Energy Technology Laboratory. DOE/NETL-2014/1681. April 2015. http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-documentlibrary. 115. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Wallace W. et al. “A Review of the CO 2 Pipeline Infrastructure in the U.S.” National Energy Technology Laboratory. DOE/NETL-2014/1681. April 2015. http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-documentlibrary. 7-34 QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015
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QUADRENNIAL ENERGY REVIEW: ENERGY T
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Preface In June 2013, through the P
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Presidential Memorandum The White H
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(xx) the Small Business Administrat
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..........
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure SPM-1. Age b
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Figure 7-7. Conditions Affecting Li
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Summary TRANSFORMING U.S. ENERGY IN
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same systems (e.g., ports and railw
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Aging Infrastructure and Changing R
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Actions taken in the first term of
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Figure SPM-3. Billion-Dollar Disast
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Key Findings Mitigating energy disr
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Recommendations in Brief To continu
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The potential range of new transmis
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Improve grid communication through
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Undertake a study of the relationsh
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• Doubling the size of the Inland
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Key Findings The United States has
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Promote Caribbean energy TS&D infra
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Recommendations in Brief Improve qu
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• Developing curricula and certif
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(2) the Fish and Wildlife Service I
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Table SPM-2. Examples of Federal Me
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Chapter I INTRODUCTION This chapter
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The requirements that this TS&D inf
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Increases in U.S. Oil and Natural G
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Increased Deployment of Renewable E
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Figure 1-3. Percent Change in Retai
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Climate Science The key conclusions
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Figure 1-7. Change in Annual Averag
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Other actions to deploy low-carbon
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Figure 1-8. Historic and Projected
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Government can build and incentiviz
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Notes: 1. Analyses were conducted w
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Organization of the Remainder of th
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Endnotes 1. Edison Electric Institu
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39. Energy Information Administrati
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Chapter II INCREASING THE RESILIENC
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The Importance of Resilient, Reliab
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Figure 2-1. Illustration of Tornado
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Continued increases in extreme weat
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Weather-Related and Other Reliabili
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Drought is also problematic. In 201
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Electricity TS&D Vulnerabilities Va
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Distribution hardening projects are
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Although pipelines above and below
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Safety and Methane Emissions from G
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Indianapolis’ in 2013 (see Figure
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Natural Gas Infrastructure Dependen
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• The changing geography of natur
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ose to greater than $34 per million
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NE MN IA MO WI IL MI IN KY TN OH Gr
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Vulnerability of Fuel Supply Disrup
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Figure 2-8. Earthquake Vulnerabilit
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Liquid Fuel TS&D Dependencies on El
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Results from an Argonne National La
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QER Recommendations (continued) Sup
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QER Recommendations (continued) Ana
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Endnotes 1. Government Accountabili
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31. The Climate Institute. “Water
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63. Global Climate Change Research
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131. Quadrennial Energy Review Anal
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Chapter III MODERNIZING THE ELECTRI
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The Electric Grid in Transition The
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esources, including central station
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demand; and the costs of alternativ
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In the Southwest, transmission buil
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Pumped hydro storage currently repr
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Resilience investments can require
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Communication with Customer Devices
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and maintenance of the interconnect
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technical experts to develop a set
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Table 3-2. Taxonomy of Utility Busi
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Figure 3-6. Select Electricity Juri
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QER Recommendations The Administrat
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QER Recommendations (continued) Coo
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RECOMMENDATIONS IN BRIEF: Modernizi
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48. North American Electric Reliabi
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Chapter IV MODERNIZING U.S. ENERGY
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A Broad and Collective View of Ener
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States was forecast to become highl
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Changing Global and Domestic Oil Ma
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QER Recommendations SPR MODERNIZATI
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Biofuels and TS&D Infrastructure Is
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QER Recommendations TS&D INFRASTRUC
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The United States and Canada share
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Endnotes 1. Foreign Affairs, Trade
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Chapter V IMPROVING SHARED TRANSPOR
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Increased Use of Shared Transport I
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There are several reasons for this
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Congestion and Competition among Co
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Coal Transportation by Rail Coal re
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Ethanol Transportation by Rail Etha
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QER Recommendations RAIL TRANSPORT
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Figure 5-6. Annual Refinery Receipt
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Funding mechanisms for maintaining
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Inland shippers that want to move a
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DOT reports that connecting roads t
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Uncertainty in U.S. Coal Exports U.
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capacities of 1.5 MW to 2.5 MW, 103
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QER Recommendations PORTS, HARBORS
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QER Recommendations (continued) MOD
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Endnotes 1. Department of Agricultu
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39. Quadrennial Energy Review Analy
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75. Army Corps of Engineers, Planni
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111. Department of Energy. “Wind
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Chapter VI INTEGRATING NORTH AMERIC
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Benefits of North American Energy S
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TS&D infrastructure already plays a
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Page 235 and 236: QER Recommendations NORTH AMERICAN
Page 237 and 238: Administration Activities and Plans
Page 239 and 240: Risk and Resilience in the Caribbea
Page 241 and 242: QER Recommendations CARIBBEAN ENERG
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Page 249 and 250: Chapter VII: Addressing Environment
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Page 285 and 286: Chapter VIII: Enhancing Employment
Page 299 and 300: Chapter IX: Siting and Permitting o
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Chapter X: Analytical and Stakehold
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND UNITS APE - Ar
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