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93. Energy Information Administration. “Natural Gas Compressor Stations on the Interstate Pipeline Network: Developments since 1996.” 2007. http://www.eia.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/analysis_publications/ngcompressor/ ngcompressor.pdf. Accessed February 25, 2015. 94. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, et. al. “Outages and Curtailments during the Southwest Cold Weather Event of February 1-5, 2011.” August 2011. http://www.ferc.gov/legal/staff-reports/08-16-11-report.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2015. 95. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: INTEK Inc. “United States Fuel Resiliency: US Fuels Supply Infrastructure (Vol 1–3).” September 2014. http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library. 96. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: INTEK Inc. “United States Fuel Resiliency: US Fuels Supply Infrastructure (Vol 1–3).” September 2014. http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library. 97. Folga, S. “Natural Gas Pipeline Technology Overview.” 2007. http://corridoreis.anl.gov/documents/docs/technical/ APT_61034_EVS_TM_08_5.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2015. 98. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: INTEK Inc. “United States Fuel Resiliency: US Fuels Supply Infrastructure (Vol 1–3).” September 2014. http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library. 99. Energy Information Administration. “Market Trends: Natural Gas.” Annual Energy Outlook 2014. May 7, 2014. http:// www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/MT_naturalgas.cfm. Accessed March 31, 2015. 100. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: BENTEK Energy. “The Future of U.S. Natural Gas: Supply, Demand, and Infrastructure Developments.” 2014. http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library. 101. Energy Information Administration. “Market Trends: Natural Gas.” Annual Energy Outlook 2014. May 7, 2014. http:// www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/MT_naturalgas.cfm. Accessed March 31, 2015. 102. Department of Energy. “Natural Gas Infrastructure Implications of Increased Demand from the Electric Power Sector.” 2015. http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/02/f19/DOE%20Report%20Natural%20Gas%20Infrastructure%20 V_02-02.pdf. Accessed March 16, 2015. 103. Department of Energy. “Natural Gas Infrastructure Implications of Increased Demand from the Electric Power Sector.” 2015. http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/02/f19/DOE%20Report%20Natural%20Gas%20Infrastructure%20 V_02-02.pdf. Accessed March 16, 2015. 104. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. “2014 State of the Markets.” p. 17. March 19, 2015. http://www.ferc.gov/ market-oversight/reports-analyses/st-mkt-ovr/2014-som.pdf. Accessed April 1, 2015. 105. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis. 2015. 106. Netusil, M. and P. Ditl. “Comparison of three methods for natural gas dehydration.” Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry. 20. 2011. p. 471–476. http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1003995310602186/1-s2.0-S1003995310602186-main. pdf?_tid=d73de138-3da3-11e4-a27a-00000aab0f6c&acdnat=1410873642_a41ae3ee8d37bee386876d0b6c25b927. Accessed February 26, 2015. Energy Information Administration. “Short‐Term Energy Outlook Supplement: Constraints in New England likely to affect regional energy prices this winter.” Independent Statistics & Analysis. January 18, 2013. http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/steo/special/pdf/2013_sp_01.pdf. Accessed March 2, 2015. 107. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. “Winter 2013-2014 Operations and Market Performance in RTOs and ISOs.” April 1, 2014. http://www.ferc.gov/CalendarFiles/20140424112341-Transcript0401technical.pdf. Accessed March 2, 2015. 108. ISO New England Inc. 148 FERC 61,179 (2014) (approving winter reliability program). 109. ISO New England Inc. 147 FERC 61,172 (2014) (implementing a Pay for Performance program). 110. Epp, H. “Proposed Natural Gas Pipeline Across Northern Massachusetts Stirs Up Debate.” New England Public Radio. May 2, 2014. http://nepr.net/news/2014/05/02/proposed-natural-gas-pipeline-across-northern-massachusetts-stirs-updebate/. Accessed February 26, 2015. QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015 2-49
Chapter II: Increasing the Resilience, Reliability, Safety, and Asset Security of TS&D Infrastructure 111. Energy Information Administration. “Weekly Petroleum Status Report for Week Ended December 26, 2014.” http:// www.eia.gov/petroleum/supply/weekly/archive/2014/2014_12_31/pdf/wpsrall.pdf. Accessed March 2, 2015. 112. Energy Information Administration. “PADD regions enable regional analysis of petroleum product supply and movements.” Today in Energy. February 7, 2012. http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=4890. Accessed February 26, 2015. 113. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: INTEK Inc. “United States Fuel Resiliency: US Fuels Supply Infrastructure (Vol 1–3).” September 2014. http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library. 114. Parris, A. et al. “Global Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the US National Climate Assessment.” p. 7. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Tech Memo OAR CPO-1. 2012. 115. Parris, A. et al. “Global Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the US National Climate Assessment.” p. 7. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Tech Memo OAR CPO-1. 2012. 116. Parris, A. et al. “Global Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the US National Climate Assessment.” p. 7. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Tech Memo OAR CPO-1. 2012. 117. Parris, A. et al. “Global Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the US National Climate Assessment.” p. 37. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Tech Memo OAR CPO-1. 2012. 118. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: INTEK Inc. “United States Fuel Resiliency: US Fuels Supply Infrastructure (Vol 1–3).” September 2014. http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library. 119. Parris, A. et al. “Global Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the US National Climate Assessment.” p. 9. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Tech Memo OAR CPO-1. 2012. 120. Parris, A. et al. “Global Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the US National Climate Assessment.” p. 12. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Tech Memo OAR CPO-1. 2012. 121. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy and Office of Policy and International Affairs. “Refined Petroleum Product Reserve, Assessment of Energy Security Needs, Costs and Benefits.” September 2011. 122. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Department of Energy, Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis. “Estimating the Effects of Sea-Level Rise on Infrastructure Expose to Storm Surge.” 2015 (forthcoming at http:// energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library). 123. Department of Energy. “Strategic Petroleum Reserve Annual Report for Calendar Year 2008.” 2008. http://energy.gov/ sites/prod/files/2013/11/f4/2008%20SPR%20Annual%20Report.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2015. 124. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability. “Hardening and Resiliency: U.S. Energy Industry Response to Recent Hurricane Seasons.” August 2010. http://www.oe.netl.doe.gov/docs/HR-Reportfinal-081710.pdf. Accessed March 2, 2015. 125. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability. “Hardening and Resiliency: U.S. Energy Industry Response to Recent Hurricane Seasons.” August 2010. http://www.oe.netl.doe.gov/docs/HR-Reportfinal-081710.pdf. Accessed March 2, 2015. 126. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: INTEK Inc. “United States Fuel Resiliency: US Fuels Supply Infrastructure (Vol 1–3).” September 2014. http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library. 127. U.S. Geological Survey. “Earthquake Hazards.” http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/products/conterminous/2014/ HazardMap2014_lg.jpg. 128. 42 U.S.C. § 6250b. 129. General Accountability Office. “Climate Change: Energy Infrastructure Risks and Adaptation Efforts.” January 2014. 130. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability. “Hardening and Resiliency: U.S. Energy Industry Response to Recent Hurricane Seasons.” August 2010. https://www.oe.netl.doe.gov/docs/HR-Reportfinal-081710.pdf. Accessed March 31, 2015 2-50 QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015
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QUADRENNIAL ENERGY REVIEW: ENERGY T
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Preface In June 2013, through the P
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Presidential Memorandum The White H
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(xx) the Small Business Administrat
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..........
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure SPM-1. Age b
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Figure 7-7. Conditions Affecting Li
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Summary TRANSFORMING U.S. ENERGY IN
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same systems (e.g., ports and railw
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Aging Infrastructure and Changing R
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Actions taken in the first term of
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Figure SPM-3. Billion-Dollar Disast
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Key Findings Mitigating energy disr
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Recommendations in Brief To continu
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The potential range of new transmis
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Improve grid communication through
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Undertake a study of the relationsh
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• Doubling the size of the Inland
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Key Findings The United States has
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Promote Caribbean energy TS&D infra
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Recommendations in Brief Improve qu
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• Developing curricula and certif
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(2) the Fish and Wildlife Service I
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Table SPM-2. Examples of Federal Me
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Chapter I INTRODUCTION This chapter
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The requirements that this TS&D inf
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Increases in U.S. Oil and Natural G
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Increased Deployment of Renewable E
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Figure 1-3. Percent Change in Retai
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Climate Science The key conclusions
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Figure 1-7. Change in Annual Averag
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Other actions to deploy low-carbon
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Figure 1-8. Historic and Projected
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Government can build and incentiviz
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Notes: 1. Analyses were conducted w
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Organization of the Remainder of th
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Endnotes 1. Edison Electric Institu
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39. Energy Information Administrati
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Page 80 and 81: Chapter II INCREASING THE RESILIENC
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Page 86 and 87: Continued increases in extreme weat
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Page 92 and 93: Electricity TS&D Vulnerabilities Va
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Page 102 and 103: Natural Gas Infrastructure Dependen
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Page 108 and 109: NE MN IA MO WI IL MI IN KY TN OH Gr
Page 110 and 111: Vulnerability of Fuel Supply Disrup
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Page 114 and 115: Liquid Fuel TS&D Dependencies on El
Page 116 and 117: Results from an Argonne National La
Page 118 and 119: QER Recommendations (continued) Sup
Page 120 and 121: QER Recommendations (continued) Ana
Page 122 and 123: Endnotes 1. Government Accountabili
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Page 126 and 127: 63. Global Climate Change Research
Page 130 and 131: 131. Quadrennial Energy Review Anal
Page 132 and 133: Chapter III MODERNIZING THE ELECTRI
Page 134 and 135: The Electric Grid in Transition The
Page 136 and 137: esources, including central station
Page 138 and 139: demand; and the costs of alternativ
Page 140 and 141: In the Southwest, transmission buil
Page 142 and 143: Pumped hydro storage currently repr
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Page 146 and 147: Communication with Customer Devices
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Page 150 and 151: technical experts to develop a set
Page 152 and 153: Table 3-2. Taxonomy of Utility Busi
Page 154 and 155: Figure 3-6. Select Electricity Juri
Page 156 and 157: QER Recommendations The Administrat
Page 158 and 159: QER Recommendations (continued) Coo
Page 160 and 161: RECOMMENDATIONS IN BRIEF: Modernizi
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Page 166 and 167: Chapter IV MODERNIZING U.S. ENERGY
Page 168 and 169: A Broad and Collective View of Ener
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Page 172 and 173: Changing Global and Domestic Oil Ma
Page 174 and 175: QER Recommendations SPR MODERNIZATI
Page 176 and 177: Biofuels and TS&D Infrastructure Is
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QER Recommendations TS&D INFRASTRUC
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The United States and Canada share
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Endnotes 1. Foreign Affairs, Trade
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Chapter V IMPROVING SHARED TRANSPOR
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Increased Use of Shared Transport I
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There are several reasons for this
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Congestion and Competition among Co
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Coal Transportation by Rail Coal re
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Ethanol Transportation by Rail Etha
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QER Recommendations RAIL TRANSPORT
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Figure 5-6. Annual Refinery Receipt
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Funding mechanisms for maintaining
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Inland shippers that want to move a
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DOT reports that connecting roads t
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Uncertainty in U.S. Coal Exports U.
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capacities of 1.5 MW to 2.5 MW, 103
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QER Recommendations PORTS, HARBORS
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QER Recommendations (continued) MOD
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Endnotes 1. Department of Agricultu
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39. Quadrennial Energy Review Analy
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75. Army Corps of Engineers, Planni
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111. Department of Energy. “Wind
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Chapter VI INTEGRATING NORTH AMERIC
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Benefits of North American Energy S
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TS&D infrastructure already plays a
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for electric transmission facilitie
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35, 36 Figure 6-5. U.S. Natural Gas
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pumped hydropower storage could pro
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QER Recommendations NORTH AMERICAN
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Administration Activities and Plans
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Risk and Resilience in the Caribbea
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QER Recommendations CARIBBEAN ENERG
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Endnotes 1. Molburg, J.C., J.A. Kav
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35. Energy Information Administrati
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Chapter VI: Integrating North Ameri
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Chapter VII: Addressing Environment
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Chapter VIII: Enhancing Employment
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Chapter IX: Siting and Permitting o
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9-26 QER Report: Energy Transmi
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Chapter X: Analytical and Stakehold
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND UNITS APE - Ar
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