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Vehicles that transport energy as freight—primarily coal for electric power generation, but also liquid fuels— include locomotives, as well as truck and marine vessels. Their emissions are primarily due to diesel engine combustion of diesel fuel and residual fuel oil (in the case of marine engines). Health effects from short-term exposures to diesel exhaust, a likely carcinogen, include premature mortality, increased hospital admissions, and heart and lung diseases. 86 A recent study 87 found that each ton of PM 2.5 reductions from aircraft, locomotives, and marine vessels yielded very substantial estimated monetized benefits (in comparison to reduction of PM 2.5 in other sectors). One reason for this is that transportation hubs are often located in relatively close proximity to urban areas; therefore, emission reductions from these sources would have immediate health benefits for onsite workers and neighboring communities (see Figure 7-6). The California Air Resources Board has issued regulations requiring a 50 percent reduction in berthed ship emissions from large ports by 2014, and an 80 percent reduction by 2018. 88 Most large California ports are implementing shore power projects as a compliance mechanism. 89 Similar regulatory efforts are underway in the European Union, which is expected to encourage retrofitting ships to use shore power. 90 Figure 7-6. Panel A: Estimated Monetized Benefits of Reductions in PM 2.5 and PM 2.5 Precursors. Panel B: Estimated Annual Mean PM 2.5 Levels Attributable to Aircraft, Locomotives, and Marine Vessels in 2016. 91 A B Monetized benefits ($/ton reduced) $800,000 $600,000 $400,000 $200,000 0 Electricity generating units Aircraft, locomotives and marine vessels Refineries < 0 . 020 0 . 021 - 0 . 050 0 . 051 - 0 . 100 0 . 251 - 0 . 500 0 . 501 - 0 . 750 0 . 751 - 1 . 000 2 . 001 - 5 . 000 > 5 . 000 PM2.5 (directly emitted) SO2 0 . 101 - 0 . 250 1 . 001 - 2 . 000 The benefits of reducing a ton of PM 2.5 or PM 2.5 precursor sulfur dioxide from certain TS&D sources result in relatively high monetized benefits to society, in part because these pollution sources are commonly close to human populations. Fuel use and emissions from locomotives could be reduced by improving rail operations and infrastructure and reducing congestion—one of the biggest concerns for rail traffic—as idling and stop-and-go traffic lead to increased fuel consumption. 92 If capacity is not improved by 2035, 25 percent of rail corridors could be running near or at capacity, and 30 percent of rail corridors could be running above capacity, thus leading to QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015 7-17
Chapter VII: Addressing Environmental Aspects of TS&D Infrastructure Administration Activities and Plans A number of Administration initiatives reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as well as other forms of air pollution from transmission, storage, and distribution infrastructure. Examples of this include the Environmental Protection Agency’s guidelines to states to reduce ozone precursors from oil and gas systems; v the Department of Energy’s work to improve the energy efficiency of equipment powering natural gas transmission systems and other transmission, storage, and distribution infrastructure; and efforts to shift to less polluting fuels. w With respect to ports and rail yards, a number of Federal programs provide grant funding for transportation-related projects that can improve air quality in ports and rail yards, including the following: Congestion Management and Air Quality (CMAQ) program. The Department of Transportation’s Federal Highway Administration manages the CMAQ program, x which funds state and local programs that reduce air emissions. Under the current transportation bill, the CMAQ program is funded at about $2 billion annually. y Typical CMAQ programs include diesel retrofits, diesel idle reduction projects, Intelligent Transportation Systems, alternative fuel vehicle projects, and intermodal freight projects. z Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery (TIGER) grants. The Department of Transportation’s TIGER program aa is a competitive grant program that funds state and local transportation projects across the Nation. TIGER grants have aimed at addressing key national freight rail bottlenecks and reducing truck traffic by funding improved rail access to ports, as well as many other port, rail, and road projects aimed at alleviating freight congestion. Since 2010, annual appropriations for TIGER have ranged from $475 million to $600 million. ab National Clean Diesel Campaign. First authorized by the Diesel Emissions Reduction Act in 2008, the National Clean Diesel Campaign issues grants to eligible entities for projects to reduce emissions from existing diesel engines. The projects meet critical local air quality needs by deploying both proven and emerging technologies much earlier than would otherwise occur. ac Past annual appropriations for the Diesel Emissions Reduction Act have ranged from $20 million to $60 million. ad GROW AMERICA Act. The Administration’s proposed transportation legislation includes several provisions aimed at increasing investments that will improve freight performance and reduce criteria air pollutant and precursor emissions. These include the following: • A 6-year, $18-billion competitive grant program targeted at freight infrastructure projects identified by state and local governments and key transportation stakeholders • A collaborative freight strategic planning process, which will permit the use of formula grant funds for “game-changing” freight transportation projects • A sharper focus for the CMAQ program on reducing emissions of fine particulates, as well as the criteria pollutants with the greatest impact on human health, and expansion of the TIGER grant program to $1.25 billion per year. v The White House. “Fact Sheet: Administration Takes Steps Forward on Climate Action Plan by Announcing Actions to Cut Methane Emissions.” http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/01/14/fact-sheet-administration-takes-stepsforward-climate-action-plan-anno-1. Accessed March 2, 2015. w Department of Energy. “DOE Launches Natural Gas Infrastructure R&D Program.” September 8, 2014. http://energy.gov/fe/ articles/doe-launches-natural-gas-infrastructure-rd-program-enhancing-pipeline-and-distribution. Accessed February 27, 2015. x Federal Highway Administration. “CMAQ- Air Quality.” http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/air_quality/cmaq/. Accessed February 27, 2015. y Department of Transportation. “Fiscal Year 2014 Apportionments, Allocations and Program Information.” March 2014. http://www.fta.dot.gov/printer_friendly/12910_15867.html. Accessed February 27, 2015. z Federal Highway Administration. “CMAQ- Air Quality.” http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/air_quality/cmaq/ Accessed February 27, 2015. aa Department of Transportation. “TIGER Discretionary Grants.” http://www.dot.gov/tiger. Accessed February 27, 2015. ab Department of Transportation. “TIGER Discretionary Grants.” http://www.dot.gov/tiger. Accessed February 27, 2015. ac Environmental Protection Agency. “National Clean Diesel Campaign: Funding Sources.” http://www.epa.gov/cleandiesel/grantfund.htm. Accessed February 27, 2015. ad Environmental Protection Agency. “Second Report to Congress Highlights of the Diesel Emissions Reduction Program.” http://www.epa.gov/cleandiesel/documents/420r12031.pdf. Accessed February 27, 2015. 7-18 QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015
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QUADRENNIAL ENERGY REVIEW: ENERGY T
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Preface In June 2013, through the P
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Presidential Memorandum The White H
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(xx) the Small Business Administrat
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..........
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure SPM-1. Age b
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Figure 7-7. Conditions Affecting Li
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Summary TRANSFORMING U.S. ENERGY IN
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same systems (e.g., ports and railw
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Aging Infrastructure and Changing R
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Actions taken in the first term of
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Figure SPM-3. Billion-Dollar Disast
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Key Findings Mitigating energy disr
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Recommendations in Brief To continu
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The potential range of new transmis
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Improve grid communication through
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Undertake a study of the relationsh
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• Doubling the size of the Inland
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Key Findings The United States has
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Promote Caribbean energy TS&D infra
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Recommendations in Brief Improve qu
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• Developing curricula and certif
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(2) the Fish and Wildlife Service I
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Table SPM-2. Examples of Federal Me
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Chapter I INTRODUCTION This chapter
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The requirements that this TS&D inf
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Increases in U.S. Oil and Natural G
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Increased Deployment of Renewable E
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Figure 1-3. Percent Change in Retai
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Climate Science The key conclusions
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Figure 1-7. Change in Annual Averag
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Other actions to deploy low-carbon
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Figure 1-8. Historic and Projected
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Government can build and incentiviz
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Notes: 1. Analyses were conducted w
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Organization of the Remainder of th
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Endnotes 1. Edison Electric Institu
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39. Energy Information Administrati
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Chapter II INCREASING THE RESILIENC
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The Importance of Resilient, Reliab
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Figure 2-1. Illustration of Tornado
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Continued increases in extreme weat
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Weather-Related and Other Reliabili
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Drought is also problematic. In 201
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Electricity TS&D Vulnerabilities Va
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Distribution hardening projects are
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Although pipelines above and below
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Safety and Methane Emissions from G
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Indianapolis’ in 2013 (see Figure
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Natural Gas Infrastructure Dependen
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• The changing geography of natur
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ose to greater than $34 per million
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NE MN IA MO WI IL MI IN KY TN OH Gr
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Vulnerability of Fuel Supply Disrup
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Figure 2-8. Earthquake Vulnerabilit
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Liquid Fuel TS&D Dependencies on El
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Results from an Argonne National La
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QER Recommendations (continued) Sup
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QER Recommendations (continued) Ana
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Endnotes 1. Government Accountabili
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31. The Climate Institute. “Water
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63. Global Climate Change Research
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131. Quadrennial Energy Review Anal
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Chapter III MODERNIZING THE ELECTRI
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The Electric Grid in Transition The
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esources, including central station
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demand; and the costs of alternativ
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In the Southwest, transmission buil
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Pumped hydro storage currently repr
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Resilience investments can require
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Communication with Customer Devices
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and maintenance of the interconnect
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technical experts to develop a set
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Table 3-2. Taxonomy of Utility Busi
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Figure 3-6. Select Electricity Juri
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QER Recommendations The Administrat
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QER Recommendations (continued) Coo
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RECOMMENDATIONS IN BRIEF: Modernizi
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48. North American Electric Reliabi
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Chapter IV MODERNIZING U.S. ENERGY
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A Broad and Collective View of Ener
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States was forecast to become highl
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Changing Global and Domestic Oil Ma
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QER Recommendations SPR MODERNIZATI
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Biofuels and TS&D Infrastructure Is
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QER Recommendations TS&D INFRASTRUC
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The United States and Canada share
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Endnotes 1. Foreign Affairs, Trade
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Chapter V IMPROVING SHARED TRANSPOR
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Increased Use of Shared Transport I
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There are several reasons for this
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Congestion and Competition among Co
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Coal Transportation by Rail Coal re
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Ethanol Transportation by Rail Etha
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QER Recommendations RAIL TRANSPORT
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Figure 5-6. Annual Refinery Receipt
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Funding mechanisms for maintaining
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Inland shippers that want to move a
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DOT reports that connecting roads t
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Uncertainty in U.S. Coal Exports U.
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capacities of 1.5 MW to 2.5 MW, 103
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QER Recommendations PORTS, HARBORS
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Page 237 and 238: Administration Activities and Plans
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Chapter IX: Siting and Permitting o
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Chapter X: Analytical and Stakehold
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND UNITS APE - Ar
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