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Pumped hydro storage currently represents the largest share of storage in the United States, with 42 pumped hydro storage plants totaling about 22 gigawatts of installed capacity, which is equivalent to about 2 percent of U.S. electricity generation capacity. 25 There are currently an additional 37 gigawatts of projects that are in some stage of licensing at the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). 26 The original pumped hydro storage plants were built to store power to release at peak demand. New technology (such as variable speed pumps) enable pumped hydro storage to provide ancillary services (i.e., functions that maintain the reliability of the grid); integrate variable renewables; and provide other services, such as restarting down generators during an outage. Under current market structures, options such as dispatchable natural gas are cheaper and faster to permit than pumped hydro storage. FERC has a pilot project underway to test a shorter 2-year licensing process for pumped hydro storage. Federal and State Activities to Promote Storage Department of Energy (DOE) support for valuation, early deployment, and education has contributed to storage adoption. For example, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Order 755 cited a DOE lab study showing that “energy storage resources (such as flywheels and batteries) could be as much as 17 times more effective than conventional ramp-limited regulation resources” for providing frequency regulation. h The order requires payment for frequency regulation resources based on a resource’s speed and accuracy, i resulting in significant growth of storage installations in markets such as PJM. j The recent DOE Energy Storage Safety Strategic Plan addresses institutional barriers to enhance the safety and reliability of storage. k States have built on these advances to bring storage benefits to closer to the mainstream. California, home to multiple DOE-funded storage demonstrations, l, m, n has been aggressive with policies to promote storage, first with a program to incentivize behind-the-meter storage, and then with its storage mandate, which will require the state’s three utilities to deploy 1,325 megawatts of storage by 2020. o In Hawaii, recent wind installations in Maui and Oahu have been paired with energy storage, p and Hawaiian Electric Company opened a solicitation for up to 200 MW of storage “to meet its goal of adding more renewable generation to the O‘ahu grid.” q Other states, including Arizona r and New York, s have approved or are actively encouraging their utilities to consider storage. h Makarov, Y.V. et al. “Assessing the Value of Regulation Resources Based on Their Time Response Characteristics.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. June 2008. In: 137 FERC 61,064. p. 35. 2011. i Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. “Frequency Regulation Compensation in the Organized Wholesale Power Markets.” 137 FERC 61,064. 2011. j PJM Independent Market Monitor. “2013 State of the Market Report for PJM.” p. 305. 2013. k Department of Energy. “Energy Storage Safety Strategic Plan.” December 2014. http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/12/f19/ OE%20Safety%20Strategic%20Plan%20December%202014.pdf. l Department of Energy. “Fact Sheet: Borrego Springs MicroGrid.” September 2013. http://www.sgiclearinghouse.org/sites/ default/files/projdocs/1650.pdf. m Department of Energy. “Fact Sheet: Wind Firming EnergyFarm.” August 2013. http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/Primus.pdf. n Department of Energy. “Fact Sheet: Tehachapi Wind Energy Storage Project.” May 2014. http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/ Tehachapi.pdf. o Maui Electric Company. “Contract with Auwahi Wind Energy LLC.” 2011. p Hawaiian Electric Company. “Request for Proposal (RFP# 072114-01) for 60 to 200 MW of Energy Storage for Oahu.” April 30, 2014. http://www.hawiianelectric.com/portal/site/heco/menuitem.508576f78baa14340b4c0610c510blca/?vgnextoid=03ebf2 19fe9a5410VgnVCM10000005041aacRCD&vgnextchannel=a595ec523c4ae010Vgn VCM1000005c011bacRCRD&appI nstanceName=default. q California Public Utilities Commission. “Order Instituting Rulemaking Pursuant to Assembly Bill 2514 to Consider the Adoption of Procurement Targets for Viable and Cost-Effective Energy Storage Systems.” Decision 13-10-040. October 17, 2013. r Arizona Public Service Company and Residential Utility Consumer Office. “APS AND RUCO JOINT REQUEST FOR REVIEW.” DOCKET NO. L-00000D-14-0292-00169, Case No. 169. 9 26, 2014. s Consolidated Edison Company of New York. “Petition for Approval of Brooklyn Queens Demand Management Program.” 14-E- 0302. 2014. QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015 3-11
Chapter III: Modernizing the Electric Grid Traditionally, power generation must meet consumer demand in real time. Storage provides a buffer between generation and volatility of customer demand. FERC Order 755, adopted in 2011, recognizes the ability of storage to contribute to frequency regulation on the grid faster than centralized generators. The box on page 3-11 provides more examples of Federal support for storage development and deployment. The impact of storage can be location-dependent, so grid operators and regulators need new planning tools and procedures to make use of storage as a standard grid component and to optimize storage location and size. Changes in the way the United States values ancillary services can also help make the services provided by storage a competitive option. In the future, distributed storage (e.g., grid-connected electric vehicles) could be a transformative technology. Changes to Power System Operations Changes to power system operations and markets can provide significant existing flexibility, often at lower economic costs than building new transmission infrastructure. Operations examples include more frequent dispatch (which reduces the time frame over which a generator must follow a specified output level), smart network technologies, and increased plant cycling. Smart network technologies and advanced network management practices minimize bottlenecks and optimize transmission usage. They provide unprecedented, real-time visibility across the energy system. Transmission and distribution planners and operators can use this information to employ the most reliable and cost-effective flexibility options. They can consider building new generation and transmission alongside other options like demand response or bigger balancing areas. Forecasting and planning are low-cost ways of accessing system flexibility. System operators increasingly require variable renewable energy generators to forecast power output to improve the ability of system operators to commit, dispatch resources, deploy reserves, and improve situational awareness. 27 Integrating these data, along with wind and solar plant outage data, into market operations helps variable renewable energy plants participate in electricity markets. Market Signals Market signals can enable flexibility. Establishing short-term market products for flexible capacity (e.g., the California Independent System Operator (ISO) and Midcontinent ISO’s proposed fast-ramping products) can also incentivize resources to respond to imbalances over the minutes-to-hours time frame. In market structures that more comprehensively value services provided to the grid, demand-side resources and storage could provide low-cost grid services, allowing more efficient grid operations and avoiding generation or transmission investments. 28 Cost savings to the power system attributable to demand response and energy storage can be much larger than the revenue they can receive in current market structures. 29 Investments in Reliability and Resilience Can Have Multiple Benefits North American Electric Reliability Corporation standards (subject to FERC review, approval, and independent enforcement authority) require the bulk electric system to withstand certain disruptive events, including most single contingencies and some multiple contingencies, with no interruption to transmission service or major customer outages. Some outages, or “non-consequential load losses,” are tolerated in the case of extreme events, where multiple facilities are taken out of service simultaneously. The North American Electric Reliability Corporation requires bulk power system owners and operators to have plans in place to contain extreme events to prevent cascading outages to other regions. 30 3-12 QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015
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QUADRENNIAL ENERGY REVIEW: ENERGY T
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Preface In June 2013, through the P
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Presidential Memorandum The White H
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(xx) the Small Business Administrat
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..........
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure SPM-1. Age b
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Figure 7-7. Conditions Affecting Li
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Summary TRANSFORMING U.S. ENERGY IN
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same systems (e.g., ports and railw
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Aging Infrastructure and Changing R
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Actions taken in the first term of
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Figure SPM-3. Billion-Dollar Disast
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Key Findings Mitigating energy disr
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Recommendations in Brief To continu
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The potential range of new transmis
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Improve grid communication through
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Undertake a study of the relationsh
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• Doubling the size of the Inland
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Key Findings The United States has
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Promote Caribbean energy TS&D infra
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Recommendations in Brief Improve qu
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• Developing curricula and certif
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(2) the Fish and Wildlife Service I
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Table SPM-2. Examples of Federal Me
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Chapter I INTRODUCTION This chapter
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The requirements that this TS&D inf
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Increases in U.S. Oil and Natural G
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Increased Deployment of Renewable E
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Figure 1-3. Percent Change in Retai
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Climate Science The key conclusions
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Figure 1-7. Change in Annual Averag
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Other actions to deploy low-carbon
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Figure 1-8. Historic and Projected
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Government can build and incentiviz
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Notes: 1. Analyses were conducted w
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Organization of the Remainder of th
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Endnotes 1. Edison Electric Institu
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39. Energy Information Administrati
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Chapter II INCREASING THE RESILIENC
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The Importance of Resilient, Reliab
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Figure 2-1. Illustration of Tornado
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Continued increases in extreme weat
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Weather-Related and Other Reliabili
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Drought is also problematic. In 201
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Coal Transportation by Rail Coal re
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Ethanol Transportation by Rail Etha
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QER Recommendations RAIL TRANSPORT
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Figure 5-6. Annual Refinery Receipt
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Funding mechanisms for maintaining
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Inland shippers that want to move a
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DOT reports that connecting roads t
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Uncertainty in U.S. Coal Exports U.
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capacities of 1.5 MW to 2.5 MW, 103
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QER Recommendations PORTS, HARBORS
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QER Recommendations (continued) MOD
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Endnotes 1. Department of Agricultu
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39. Quadrennial Energy Review Analy
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75. Army Corps of Engineers, Planni
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111. Department of Energy. “Wind
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Chapter VI INTEGRATING NORTH AMERIC
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Benefits of North American Energy S
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TS&D infrastructure already plays a
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for electric transmission facilitie
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35, 36 Figure 6-5. U.S. Natural Gas
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pumped hydropower storage could pro
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QER Recommendations NORTH AMERICAN
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Administration Activities and Plans
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Risk and Resilience in the Caribbea
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QER Recommendations CARIBBEAN ENERG
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Endnotes 1. Molburg, J.C., J.A. Kav
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Chapter VI: Integrating North Ameri
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Chapter VII: Addressing Environment
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Chapter X: Analytical and Stakehold
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND UNITS APE - Ar
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