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Recommendations

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Administration Activities and Plans (continued) EPA Superfund Emergency Response and Removal Program. This program trains, equips, and deploys resources in order to contain and remove contaminants. Under the program, EPA personnel respond to or oversee the cleanup by Responsible Parties of thousands of releases, regardless of their cause. EPA manages and/or provides support for a variety of emergency responses, removal assessments, site stabilizations, and cleanup response actions. EPA maintains national and regional response centers for 24-hour reporting of hazardous material or petroleum releases. EPA deploys many advanced technologies and other assets during disaster responses, such as the Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Consequence Management Advisory Team; the portable laboratories; or the airborne sensor platform (which is called ASPECT). Department of Transportation Proposed Rules. The Department of Transportation’s Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) is finalizing a proposed rule on Pipeline Safety—Safety of On-Shore Hazardous Liquid Pipelines. This rulemaking would address effective procedures that hazardous liquid operators can use to improve the protection of high-consequence areas and other vulnerable areas along their hazardous liquid onshore pipelines. PHMSA is considering whether changes are needed to the regulations covering hazardous liquid onshore pipelines, whether other areas should be included as high-consequence areas for integrity management protections, what the repair time frames should be for areas outside of the high-consequence areas that are assessed as part of the integrity management program, whether leak-detection standards are necessary, and whether valve spacing requirements are needed on new construction or existing pipelines. PHMSA should extend regulation to certain pipelines currently exempt from regulation. The Department of Transportation also published an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on requiring oil spill response plans for high-hazard flammable trains. ae This was a companion to a proposed rule setting out comprehensive standards to improve the rail transportation of flammable liquids, including unit trains of crude oil and ethanol, discussed in Chapter V (Improving Shared Transport Infrastructures). af National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) oil spill programs. NOAA’s Office of Response and Restoration is charged with responding to oil spills in coastal and marine environments, and it provides scientific support to the Federal on-scene coordinator. NOAA employs a number of tools to preemptively reduce potential risks from marine oil spills, including providing expertise on oil spill response plans, environmental sensitivity index maps, and trajectory analysis models. In addition, NOAA works with the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, the Coast Guard, and other Federal and state actors to identify particularly sensitive marine environments in siting of energy facilities and shipping lanes. NOAA also plays a lead role in restoration efforts in the event of a marine spill. ae Department of Transportation. “U.S. DOT Announces Comprehensive Proposed Rulemaking for the Safe Transportation of Crude Oil, Flammable Materials.” July 23, 2014. http://www.dot.gov/briefing-room/us-dot-announces-comprehensiveproposed-rulemaking-safe-transportation-crude-oil. Accessed February 19, 2015. af Department of Transportation. “U.S. DOT Announces Comprehensive Proposed Rulemaking for the Safe Transportation of Crude Oil, Flammable Materials.” July 23, 2014. http://www.dot.gov/briefing-room/us-dot-announces-comprehensiveproposed-rulemaking-safe-transportation-crude-oil. Accessed February 19, 2015. Water Use and Wastewater Petroleum refineries consume the most water and produce the most wastewater discharge of any segment of the energy TS&D infrastructure. Despite data limitations, the relative quantities are known: • Annual water consumption by petroleum refineries in 2005 was about 1.3 billion gallons per day 100 compared to about 4.3 billion gallons per day of total water consumed by thermoelectric power generation in 2008. ag • Water withdrawals by both petroleum refineries and thermoelectric power generation are substantially greater, meaning that only a fraction of withdrawn water is consumed, while the remainder is discharged to the environment. ag Based on total annual water use of 1,570 billion gallons by thermoelectric power plants in: Averyt, K. et al. “Water use for electricity in the United States: an analysis of reported and calculated water use information for 2008.” Environmental Research Letters. 8(1). 2013. QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015 7-21
Chapter VII: Addressing Environmental Aspects of TS&D Infrastructure • Fresh water withdrawals by petroleum refineries in 2005 were approximately 6 billion to 19 billion gallons per day, 101 while fresh and saline water withdrawals by thermoelectric power generation in 2011 were approximately 196 billion gallons per day. 102 Discharges from refineries can also affect water quality (particularly water temperature). Such discharges are subject to EPA permitting requirements under the Clean Water Act, which requires system controls for any direct discharges to surface waters. 103 Biofuel refineries can also consume large volumes of water. However, the quantity of water consumed during the biorefining processes is modest compared to the water consumed to grow bioenergy feedstocks in cases where irrigation is required. 104 To produce 1 gallon of ethanol, up to 1,000 gallons of irrigation water is consumed, while producing 1 gallon of biodiesel from soybeans consumes up to 750 gallons of irrigation water. 105 Meanwhile, ethanol refineries consume as much as 3 gallons of water to produce 1 gallon of ethanol, 106 which is greater on a per-gallon production basis than petroleum refining. Biodiesel refineries consume less than 1 gallon of water per 107, 108 gallon of biodiesel produced. Nationally, total water use and wastewater production from processing of natural gas and natural gas liquids is low, although natural gas liquids facilities can have large local water withdrawal impacts. The construction and operation of TS&D infrastructure can also cause significant watershed-level changes in local and regional hydrology. Dredging Materials The Army Corps of Engineers oversees 25,000 miles of channels—comprising 13,000 miles of coastal harbors and channels and 12,000 miles of inland and intracoastal waterways—and dredges 225 million cubic yards of material from U.S. harbors, channels, and waterways annually. 109 The proper placement of dredged material is often a significant portion of the total cost of dredging, particularly if dredged material contains contaminants. Dredged material is typically tested, and the method of placement is chosen to minimize costs and environmental impacts. Placement of dredged material in open water is regulated by Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, and placement in ocean waters is regulated by Section 103 of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972. Many techniques exist for reusing dredged material or removing potentially hazardous components from it, and dredged material is increasingly being employed for beneficial uses under Section 204 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1992. The Army Corps of Engineers has conducted research and development on treating and beneficially using or placing dredged material since the 1970s. The Corps will continue to conduct research and development on dredging and dredged material placement operations under its Dredging Operations and Environmental Research program. 110 Environmental Data Related to TS&D Infrastructures Finally, data that are important for understanding the environmental characteristics and impacts of TS&D infrastructures often are not available or are only available in highly aggregated formats (temporally and spatially). Furthermore, these data are often outdated and sometimes not conducive to identifying trends (e.g., they are only released every 4 years, or methodologies change so that time series are difficult to compile or are of questionable value). These limitations exist with respect to many public health, safety, and environmental quality issues, including oil spills and water use, consumption, and waste. In a 2015 report, 111 the National Transportation Safety Board noted that many types of basic data necessary for comprehensive probabilistic risk modeling of natural gas pipelines are not currently available. The Board’s recommendations included the development of better-quality spatial data on pipelines that can be more easily accessed by regulators and operators. Limitations also exist with respect to data on the age of certain equipment (e.g., compressors) and infrastructure (e.g., pipelines), as well as emissions at a granular level (e.g., from different types of vessels—such as barges versus tankers—or from different kinds of compressor motors—such as reciprocating engines versus centrifugal turbines). These latter data are important to have so that appropriate priorities can be set for both research and policy. 7-22 QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015
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QUADRENNIAL ENERGY REVIEW: ENERGY T
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Preface In June 2013, through the P
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Presidential Memorandum The White H
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(xx) the Small Business Administrat
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..........
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure SPM-1. Age b
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Figure 7-7. Conditions Affecting Li
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Summary TRANSFORMING U.S. ENERGY IN
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same systems (e.g., ports and railw
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Aging Infrastructure and Changing R
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Actions taken in the first term of
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Figure SPM-3. Billion-Dollar Disast
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Key Findings Mitigating energy disr
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Recommendations in Brief To continu
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The potential range of new transmis
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Improve grid communication through
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Undertake a study of the relationsh
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• Doubling the size of the Inland
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Key Findings The United States has
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Promote Caribbean energy TS&D infra
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Recommendations in Brief Improve qu
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• Developing curricula and certif
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(2) the Fish and Wildlife Service I
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Table SPM-2. Examples of Federal Me
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Chapter I INTRODUCTION This chapter
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The requirements that this TS&D inf
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Increases in U.S. Oil and Natural G
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Increased Deployment of Renewable E
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Figure 1-3. Percent Change in Retai
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Climate Science The key conclusions
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Figure 1-7. Change in Annual Averag
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Other actions to deploy low-carbon
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Figure 1-8. Historic and Projected
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Government can build and incentiviz
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Notes: 1. Analyses were conducted w
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Organization of the Remainder of th
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Endnotes 1. Edison Electric Institu
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39. Energy Information Administrati
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Chapter II INCREASING THE RESILIENC
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The Importance of Resilient, Reliab
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Figure 2-1. Illustration of Tornado
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Continued increases in extreme weat
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Weather-Related and Other Reliabili
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Drought is also problematic. In 201
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Electricity TS&D Vulnerabilities Va
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Distribution hardening projects are
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Although pipelines above and below
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Safety and Methane Emissions from G
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Indianapolis’ in 2013 (see Figure
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Natural Gas Infrastructure Dependen
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• The changing geography of natur
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ose to greater than $34 per million
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NE MN IA MO WI IL MI IN KY TN OH Gr
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Vulnerability of Fuel Supply Disrup
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Figure 2-8. Earthquake Vulnerabilit
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Liquid Fuel TS&D Dependencies on El
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Results from an Argonne National La
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QER Recommendations (continued) Sup
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QER Recommendations (continued) Ana
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Endnotes 1. Government Accountabili
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31. The Climate Institute. “Water
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63. Global Climate Change Research
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131. Quadrennial Energy Review Anal
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Chapter III MODERNIZING THE ELECTRI
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The Electric Grid in Transition The
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esources, including central station
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demand; and the costs of alternativ
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In the Southwest, transmission buil
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Pumped hydro storage currently repr
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Resilience investments can require
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Communication with Customer Devices
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and maintenance of the interconnect
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technical experts to develop a set
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Table 3-2. Taxonomy of Utility Busi
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Figure 3-6. Select Electricity Juri
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QER Recommendations The Administrat
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QER Recommendations (continued) Coo
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RECOMMENDATIONS IN BRIEF: Modernizi
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48. North American Electric Reliabi
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Chapter IV MODERNIZING U.S. ENERGY
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A Broad and Collective View of Ener
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States was forecast to become highl
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Changing Global and Domestic Oil Ma
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QER Recommendations SPR MODERNIZATI
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Biofuels and TS&D Infrastructure Is
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QER Recommendations TS&D INFRASTRUC
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The United States and Canada share
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Endnotes 1. Foreign Affairs, Trade
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Chapter V IMPROVING SHARED TRANSPOR
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Increased Use of Shared Transport I
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There are several reasons for this
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Congestion and Competition among Co
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Coal Transportation by Rail Coal re
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Ethanol Transportation by Rail Etha
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QER Recommendations RAIL TRANSPORT
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Figure 5-6. Annual Refinery Receipt
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Funding mechanisms for maintaining
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Inland shippers that want to move a
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DOT reports that connecting roads t
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Uncertainty in U.S. Coal Exports U.
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capacities of 1.5 MW to 2.5 MW, 103
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QER Recommendations PORTS, HARBORS
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QER Recommendations (continued) MOD
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Endnotes 1. Department of Agricultu
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Page 235 and 236: QER Recommendations NORTH AMERICAN
Page 237 and 238: Administration Activities and Plans
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Chapter IX: Siting and Permitting o
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Chapter IX: Siting and Permitting o
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9-26 QER Report: Energy Transmi
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Chapter X: Analytical and Stakehold
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND UNITS APE - Ar
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