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Although pipelines above and below ground represent a highly dispersed element of the energy system that, like electric transmission lines, are difficult to protect, the underground portion of pipelines generally are difficult for non-professionals to locate; this reduces the possibility of physical attacks. The exception for pipeline systems is aboveground compressor stations. In addition, depending on their severity, earthquakes could have a major or catastrophic impact on both transmission and distribution pipelines (discussed later in this chapter; see Table 2-5). There have been cyber incidents on natural gas systems, notably between February and March of 2013. 64 During this time period, there were brute force attacks (i.e., efforts to obtain passwords and personal identification numbers) on a natural gas compressor station, resulting in a warning from DHS to gas system and other critical infrastructure operators. This alert prompted reports of similar activities, broadly from gas system operators in the Midwest and the Plains. These attacks, while unsuccessful, continued for over 2 weeks. Vulnerabilities affecting natural gas resilience and reliability likely will grow given the increasing reliance of natural gas infrastructure on electricity and other electricity-dependent infrastructures, such as telecommunications. In 2012, there were 414 underground natural gas storage sites in the United States. 65 Three-hundred-eighty of the facilities were primarily used to meet seasonal winter demand; the remaining facilities are highdeliverability facilities used to inject and flexibly withdraw large natural gas volumes over short periods. In general, natural gas underground storage is minimally susceptible to natural hazards. Underground gas storage facilities are well protected from accidents or malicious acts and generally insensitive to natural events, such as earthquakes, owing to the depth of underground storage and the design of the systems connecting the storage to the surface. 66 However, the U.S. natural gas profile could change the economics of gas storage. Shale gas production has increased and gas price volatility has decreased; this may diminish economic incentives for storage. Enhancing Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution Pipeline Safety There were approximately 315,000 miles of transmission and gathering pipelines and a transmission capacity of approximately 443 billion cubic feet per day in the U.S. natural gas pipeline network in 2011. They form the backbone of the gas transmission infrastructure system and deliver natural gas directly to many high-volume customers, such as industrial plants and gas-fired electric generation. In 2013, the United States had 1,437 distribution systems comprised of more than 2.1 million miles of distribution lines, delivering gas from highpressure pipelines to more than 68 million residential and 5 million commercial customers. 67 Transmission Pipeline Safety Operators of transmission pipelines and gathering lines have fewer requirements than distribution lines to ensure pipeline integrity and safety through damage prevention programs, routine inspection, leak detection, and the development of integrity management plans. 68 Work should continue to develop industry standards to ensure that there is a systematic research program led by industry for external leak detection on natural gas transmission pipelines and that there are updated best practice standards in this area. 69 QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015 2-17
Chapter II: Increasing the Resilience, Reliability, Safety, and Asset Security of TS&D Infrastructure Administration Initiatives on Pipeline Safety Transmission pipeline safety. The Obama Administration’s Department of Transportation and the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration first responded to concerns about transmission pipeline safety by issuing a “call to action” on pipeline safety in 2011. Congress also responded to the same concerns by passing the Pipeline Safety, Regulatory Certainty, and Job Creation Act of 2011. i This act directed the Department of Transportation to reexamine many of its requirements, including the expansion of integrated management plans for transmission pipelines. j In addition, in 2011, the National Transportation Safety Board recommended that the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration require all operators of transmission and distribution natural gas pipelines to equip their pipeline monitoring systems with tools to assist in recognizing and pinpointing the location of leaks. k The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration is currently developing a proposed rule on integrity management for natural gas pipelines. Also, it continues to conduct and support research to provide the technical and analytical foundation necessary for planning, evaluating, and implementing its pipeline safety program. In addition, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has issued a policy statement l that will allow interstate natural gas pipelines to recover certain expenditures made to modernize pipeline system infrastructure in a manner that enhances system reliability, safety, and regulatory compliance. Distribution pipeline safety. The Department of Energy, as part of the President’s Strategy to Reduce Methane Emissions, convened a series of roundtable discussions with stakeholders (e.g., utilities, environmental groups, state officials, and academics) in 2014 focused on reducing methane emissions from gas transmission and distribution systems. Some stakeholders commented that it was both necessary and feasible to make further progress through additional efforts to modernize natural gas infrastructure in ways that improve safety and reduce emissions. For example, replacement programs for leak-prone pipelines achieve multiple benefits; they enhance safety, reduce methane emissions, and create jobs. One barrier to public utility commission approval of surcharges for infrastructure modernization is that consumer advocates typically oppose these mechanisms for cost recovery. m,n Some stakeholders noted that infrastructure replacements could be more cost effective and expeditious when state agencies and municipalities coordinate pipeline replacement with other public works projects (i.e., in conjunction with water and telecommunications modernization efforts). At the final stakeholder roundtable meeting, the Department of Energy announced a series of new initiatives that will help improve pipeline safety. Among them is a new partnership with the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners to provide technical assistance for gas.distribution system modernization and a clearinghouse for related information on effective technologies and policy strategies. i Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. “Pipeline Replacement Updates: Call To Action.” http://opsweb.phmsa.dot.gov/pipeline_replacement/action.asp. j Regulatory Certainty and Job Creation Act of 2011, Public Law No. 112-90, 125 Stat. 1904 (2012). k National Transportation Safety Board and Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. “Recommendation P-11-10.” 2011. http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_54F297878A547 2F8CDF692407F40A9AC8A530300/filename/NTSB%20Reply%20to%20P-11-8%20thru%20-20.pdf. l Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. “Cost Recovery Mechanisms for Modernization of Natural Gas Facilities.” FR Doc. 2014–28015. 2014. http://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2014/11/26/2014-28015/cost-recovery-mechanisms-formodernization-of-natural-gas-facilities. m Popowsky, S. “Testimony before the House Consumer Affairs Committee of Pennsylvania; Regarding Special Session House Bill 40 and House Bill 41 Natural Gas Issues.” November 9, 2007. http://www.oca.state.pa.us/Testimony/2007/00096290.PDF. n Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. “Pipeline Safety: Safety of Gas Transmission Pipelines - Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM).” Docket No. PHMSA-2011-0023. 76 Fed. Reg. 5308. August 25, 2011. http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/portal/site/PHMSA/menuitem.6f23687cf7b00b0f22e4c6962d9c8789 /?vgnextoid=3d7248c521dd1310VgnVCM1000001ecb7898RCRD&vgnextchannel=2dd0d95c4d037110VgnVCM100 0009ed07898RCRD. 2-18 QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015
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QUADRENNIAL ENERGY REVIEW: ENERGY T
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Preface In June 2013, through the P
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Presidential Memorandum The White H
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(xx) the Small Business Administrat
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..........
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure SPM-1. Age b
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Figure 7-7. Conditions Affecting Li
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Summary TRANSFORMING U.S. ENERGY IN
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same systems (e.g., ports and railw
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Aging Infrastructure and Changing R
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Actions taken in the first term of
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Figure SPM-3. Billion-Dollar Disast
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Key Findings Mitigating energy disr
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Recommendations in Brief To continu
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The potential range of new transmis
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Improve grid communication through
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Undertake a study of the relationsh
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• Doubling the size of the Inland
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Key Findings The United States has
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Promote Caribbean energy TS&D infra
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Recommendations in Brief Improve qu
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• Developing curricula and certif
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Page 60 and 61: Climate Science The key conclusions
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Communication with Customer Devices
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and maintenance of the interconnect
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technical experts to develop a set
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Table 3-2. Taxonomy of Utility Busi
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Figure 3-6. Select Electricity Juri
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QER Recommendations The Administrat
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QER Recommendations (continued) Coo
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RECOMMENDATIONS IN BRIEF: Modernizi
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17. Energy Information Administrati
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48. North American Electric Reliabi
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Chapter IV MODERNIZING U.S. ENERGY
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A Broad and Collective View of Ener
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States was forecast to become highl
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Changing Global and Domestic Oil Ma
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QER Recommendations SPR MODERNIZATI
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Biofuels and TS&D Infrastructure Is
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QER Recommendations TS&D INFRASTRUC
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The United States and Canada share
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Endnotes 1. Foreign Affairs, Trade
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Chapter V IMPROVING SHARED TRANSPOR
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Increased Use of Shared Transport I
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There are several reasons for this
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Congestion and Competition among Co
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Coal Transportation by Rail Coal re
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Ethanol Transportation by Rail Etha
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QER Recommendations RAIL TRANSPORT
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Figure 5-6. Annual Refinery Receipt
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Funding mechanisms for maintaining
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Inland shippers that want to move a
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DOT reports that connecting roads t
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Uncertainty in U.S. Coal Exports U.
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capacities of 1.5 MW to 2.5 MW, 103
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QER Recommendations PORTS, HARBORS
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QER Recommendations (continued) MOD
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Endnotes 1. Department of Agricultu
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39. Quadrennial Energy Review Analy
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75. Army Corps of Engineers, Planni
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111. Department of Energy. “Wind
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Chapter VI INTEGRATING NORTH AMERIC
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Benefits of North American Energy S
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TS&D infrastructure already plays a
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for electric transmission facilitie
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35, 36 Figure 6-5. U.S. Natural Gas
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pumped hydropower storage could pro
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QER Recommendations NORTH AMERICAN
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Administration Activities and Plans
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Risk and Resilience in the Caribbea
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QER Recommendations CARIBBEAN ENERG
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Endnotes 1. Molburg, J.C., J.A. Kav
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35. Energy Information Administrati
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Chapter VI: Integrating North Ameri
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Chapter VII: Addressing Environment
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Chapter VIII: Enhancing Employment
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Chapter IX: Siting and Permitting o
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9-26 QER Report: Energy Transmi
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Chapter X: Analytical and Stakehold
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND UNITS APE - Ar
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