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Chapter II INCREASING THE RESILIENCE, RELIABILITY, SAFETY, AND ASSET SECURITY OF TS&D INFRASTRUCTURE This chapter addresses a broad range of challenges to the resilience, reliability, safety, and asset security of transmission, storage, and distribution (TS&D) and shared infrastructures. The challenges vary among different types of TS&D infrastructure and among different regions of the United States. First, the electric grid is examined. The grid is especially vulnerable to extreme weather events. It also is vulnerable to low-probability/high-consequence events. Natural gas is the second TS&D infrastructure discussed. Here, in addition to the examination of vulnerabilities and interdependencies, is a discussion of safety issues. The third major section of this chapter addresses the resilience, reliability, and asset security of TS&D infrastructure for liquid fuels. This chapter concludes by presenting a series of major recommendations, a number of which cut across and address multiple infrastructures and challenges. QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015 2-1
Chapter II: Increasing the Resilience, Reliability, Safety, and Asset Security of TS&D Infrastructure FINDINGS IN BRIEF: Increasing the Resilience, Reliability, Safety, and Asset Security of TS&D Infrastructure Mitigating energy disruptions is fundamental to infrastructure resilience. Mitigating energy disruptions is particularly important because other critical infrastructures rely on energy services to operate, and these interdependencies are growing. Should disruptions occur, it is essential to have comprehensive and tested emergency response protocols to stabilize the system and begin recovery. Transmission, storage, and distribution (TS&D) infrastructure is vulnerable to many natural phenomena. These include hurricanes, earthquakes, drought, wildfires, flooding, and extreme temperatures. Some extreme weather events have become more frequent and severe due to climate change, and this trend will continue. Sea-level rise resulting from climate change, coupled with coastal subsidence in the Mid-Atlantic and Gulf Coast regions, increases risks and damages to coastal infrastructure caused by storm surge. Threats and vulnerabilities vary substantially by region. In many cases, a particular natural threat or infrastructure vulnerability will be region specific (e.g., Gulf Coast hurricanes threatening refineries), dampening the utility of national, onesize-fits-all solutions for reliability and resilience. Regional solutions are essential. Recovery from natural gas and liquid fuel system disruptions can be difficult. Although liquid fuels and natural gas disruptions are less likely than electricity disruptions, it is relatively more difficult to recover from disruptions to these systems than electric systems. Recovery from natural gas disruptions is particularly difficult because of the need to locate and repair underground breakages. Cyber incidents and physical attacks are growing concerns. Cyber incidents have not yet caused significant disruptions in any of the three sectors, but the number and sophistication of threats are increasing, and information technology systems are becoming more integrated with energy infrastructure. There have been physical attacks; while some physical protection measures are in place throughout TS&D infrastructure systems, additional low-cost investments at sensitive facilities would greatly enhance resilience. High-voltage transformers are critical to the grid. They represent one of its most vulnerable components. Despite expanded efforts by industry and Federal regulators, current programs to address the vulnerability may not be adequate to address the security and reliability concerns associated with simultaneous failures of multiple high-voltage transformers. Assessment tools and frameworks need to be improved. Research has focused more on characterizing vulnerabilities and identifying mitigation options than on measuring the effects of best practices for response and recovery. In addition, assessment tools and frameworks tend to characterize the impacts of disruptions on system performance, but are less able to examine impacts on national or regional consequences like economic loss or loss of life. Shifts in the natural gas sector are having mixed effects on resilience, reliability, safety, and asset security. The addition of onshore shale gas infrastructure benefits natural gas resilience by decreasing the percentage of infrastructure exposed to storms. The Energy Information Administration reports that the Gulf Coast percentage of natural gas production went from 18 percent in 2005 to 6 percent in 2013. On the other hand, overall reliance on gas for electricity has gone up, creating a new interdependence and grid vulnerability. Furthermore, additional export infrastructure resulting from the natural gas boom would increase vulnerabilities to coastal threats, such as sea-level rise. Dependencies and interdependencies are growing. Many components of liquid fuels and natural gas systems— including pumps, refineries, and about 5 percent of natural gas compressor stations—require electricity to operate. The interdependency of the electricity and gas systems is growing as more gas is used in power generation. Aging, leak-prone natural gas distribution pipelines and associated infrastructures prompt safety and environmental concerns. Most safety incidents involving natural gas pipelines occur on natural gas distribution systems. These incidents tend to occur in densely populated areas. 2-2 QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015
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QUADRENNIAL ENERGY REVIEW: ENERGY T
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Preface In June 2013, through the P
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Presidential Memorandum The White H
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(xx) the Small Business Administrat
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..........
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure SPM-1. Age b
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Figure 7-7. Conditions Affecting Li
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Summary TRANSFORMING U.S. ENERGY IN
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same systems (e.g., ports and railw
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Aging Infrastructure and Changing R
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Actions taken in the first term of
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Figure SPM-3. Billion-Dollar Disast
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Key Findings Mitigating energy disr
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Recommendations in Brief To continu
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Page 35 and 36: • Doubling the size of the Inland
Page 37 and 38: Key Findings The United States has
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Page 50 and 51: Chapter I INTRODUCTION This chapter
Page 52 and 53: The requirements that this TS&D inf
Page 54 and 55: Increases in U.S. Oil and Natural G
Page 56 and 57: Increased Deployment of Renewable E
Page 58 and 59: Figure 1-3. Percent Change in Retai
Page 60 and 61: Climate Science The key conclusions
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Page 92 and 93: Electricity TS&D Vulnerabilities Va
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131. Quadrennial Energy Review Anal
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Chapter III MODERNIZING THE ELECTRI
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The Electric Grid in Transition The
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esources, including central station
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demand; and the costs of alternativ
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In the Southwest, transmission buil
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Pumped hydro storage currently repr
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Resilience investments can require
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Communication with Customer Devices
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and maintenance of the interconnect
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technical experts to develop a set
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Table 3-2. Taxonomy of Utility Busi
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Figure 3-6. Select Electricity Juri
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QER Recommendations The Administrat
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QER Recommendations (continued) Coo
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RECOMMENDATIONS IN BRIEF: Modernizi
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17. Energy Information Administrati
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48. North American Electric Reliabi
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Chapter IV MODERNIZING U.S. ENERGY
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A Broad and Collective View of Ener
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States was forecast to become highl
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Changing Global and Domestic Oil Ma
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QER Recommendations SPR MODERNIZATI
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Biofuels and TS&D Infrastructure Is
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QER Recommendations TS&D INFRASTRUC
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The United States and Canada share
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Endnotes 1. Foreign Affairs, Trade
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Chapter V IMPROVING SHARED TRANSPOR
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Increased Use of Shared Transport I
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There are several reasons for this
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Congestion and Competition among Co
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Coal Transportation by Rail Coal re
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Ethanol Transportation by Rail Etha
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QER Recommendations RAIL TRANSPORT
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Figure 5-6. Annual Refinery Receipt
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Funding mechanisms for maintaining
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Inland shippers that want to move a
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DOT reports that connecting roads t
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Uncertainty in U.S. Coal Exports U.
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capacities of 1.5 MW to 2.5 MW, 103
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QER Recommendations PORTS, HARBORS
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QER Recommendations (continued) MOD
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Endnotes 1. Department of Agricultu
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39. Quadrennial Energy Review Analy
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75. Army Corps of Engineers, Planni
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111. Department of Energy. “Wind
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Chapter VI INTEGRATING NORTH AMERIC
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Benefits of North American Energy S
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TS&D infrastructure already plays a
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for electric transmission facilitie
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35, 36 Figure 6-5. U.S. Natural Gas
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pumped hydropower storage could pro
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QER Recommendations NORTH AMERICAN
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Administration Activities and Plans
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Risk and Resilience in the Caribbea
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QER Recommendations CARIBBEAN ENERG
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Endnotes 1. Molburg, J.C., J.A. Kav
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35. Energy Information Administrati
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Chapter VI: Integrating North Ameri
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Chapter VII: Addressing Environment
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Chapter VIII: Enhancing Employment
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Chapter IX: Siting and Permitting o
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9-26 QER Report: Energy Transmi
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Chapter X: Analytical and Stakehold
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND UNITS APE - Ar
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