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Natural Gas Infrastructure Dependencies As noted, the electricity sector is increasingly reliant on natural gas as a fuel for power generation. On the flip side, many physical and operational components of natural gas TS&D infrastructures depend on electricity for key functions. In addition, other key sectors, such as industry and natural gas vehicles, depend on reliable and robust natural gas TS&D systems for a range of applications. Gas System Dependencies on Electricity Most pumps and compressors along natural gas gathering and transmission pipelines are fueled with gas flowing through the station, 88 with only about 5 percent of installed compression horsepower on interstate pipelines nationwide requiring electricity to run. 89, 90 In some areas of the Nation where there are concerns about emissions and the increased speed of permitting of electric compressors, there is significantly greater reliance on electric compressors. 91, 92 Pennsylvania, Ohio, and California, for example, have a higher percentage of compressors powered by electricity than the national average. 93 On the flip side, increased reliance on electricity-powered compressors could increase the vulnerability of the gas transmission system to power outages. During the 2011 “Big Chill” in the Southwest (see box), for example, rolling blackouts contributed to natural gas production outages (primarily affecting compressors on gathering lines), which in turn led to power generation curtailments. 94 While compression facilities for underground natural gas storage generally are fueled by offtake gas, they may still require electric power. 95 Electricity is needed for dehydration of underground stored gas. Pipelinequality natural gas is pumped into underground formations for storage; when the gas is withdrawn, it requires processing to remove water from the natural gas and to filter the gas all over again. Also, most of the Nation’s liquefied natural gas facilities store this gas for periods of peak demand or pipeline gas supply interruption. Cryogenic liquefaction of natural gas allows large volumes of gas to be stored and transported over long distances that cannot be technically or economically served by pipelines, and this process requires large amounts of electricity. These facilities are distributed across the Nation and generally are found near electric power stations. 96 Centralized gas control stations monitor the flow of natural gas and collect, assimilate, and manage data received from compressor stations all along the pipeline. These control systems can integrate gas flow and measurement data with other accounting, billing, and contract systems. The data are transmitted through a communications network that could consist of company-owned, fiber-optic lines; leased telephone lines; ground- or satellite-based microwave; or radio communication systems. 97 The total loss of communications could result in manual operations of the affected pipeline. Many systems in the oil, gas, and alternative fuels infrastructures are increasingly monitored and controlled remotely through cyber networks that are also powered by electricity. 98 Dependencies of Other Sectors on Natural Gas TS&D Systems Dependencies of other infrastructures on the natural gas TS&D sector include the following: • Supply of natural gas liquids for petroleum refining. Growth in production of natural gas liquids has stimulated renewed interest in petrochemicals production where ethane and propane are key feedstocks (see Chapter V, Improving Shared Transport Infrastructures, for a more detailed discussion). • Natural gas as a transportation fuel. Compressed natural gas vehicles also rely on natural gas. Although there are only about 120,000 compressed natural gas vehicles in the United States today, the Energy Information Administration forecasts increases in natural gas vehicles over the next decades, especially in heavy-duty vehicles. 99 • Industrial consumption of natural gas. Given low natural gas prices over the past several years and forecasts of abundant supplies at moderate prices in the future, there has been a resurgence of natural gas use in industrial applications in the United States, as seen in Table 2-4. QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015 2-23
Chapter II: Increasing the Resilience, Reliability, Safety, and Asset Security of TS&D Infrastructure Table 2-4. Projected Incremental Natural Gas Demand for Select U.S. Industrial Sector Projects, 2015–2020 100 Planned Operations Date Chemical Metals Petroleum Other Industrial Total Demand Year MMcf/d # Projects MMcf/d # Projects MMcf/d # Projects MMcf/d # Projects MMcf/d # Projects 2015 246 57 118 54 355 21 24 179 743 311 2016 317 13 62 5 488 10 58 27 926 55 2017 261 5 79 3 325 3 2 8 668 19 2018 265 5 1 1 747 5 0 4 1,010 15 2019 - - - - 1,350 4 - - 1,350 4 2020 - - - 1 - - - - - 1 Project dates not announced* 179 6 2 3 872 5 - - 1,050 14 Total 1,090 80 261 64 3,260 43 86 218 4,700 405 * Not announced at time of this analysis, 6/2014 Natural gas supply is projected to stimulate additional industrial construction and demand growth. Natural Gas – Electricity Interdependencies Nationally, natural-gas-fired power generation has increased by more than 40 percent since 2005, and carbon dioxide regulations may increase its use even further. 101 The increasing absolute demand for natural gas in the power sector has heightened the interdependence between gas and electric systems. In addition, fast-ramping requirements of natural-gas-fired generation, especially in response to the need to firm renewable generation, has increased the need for scheduling coordination between the gas and electricity sectors. Gas Pipeline Transmission Capacity and Power Generation An important question regarding natural gas transmission infrastructure is whether the existing gas transmission infrastructure can reliably accommodate increased use of natural gas in electric power generation, resulting from significant shifts in fuel utilization in the power sector. A recent DOE study for this QER on the adequacy of the national natural gas transmission system (there may be regional differences and needs, as discussed in the next section) to accommodate increased demand for natural gas 102 concluded the following: • Higher utilization and repurposing of existing interstate natural gas pipeline infrastructure will reduce the need for new transmission pipelines. Pipeline flow patterns have already evolved with changes in supply and demand. Given the cost of building new pipelines, finding alternatives that utilize available existing pipeline capacity, such as adding compression to existing pipelines or reversing flow, is often less costly than building new pipeline capacity. 2-24 QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015
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QUADRENNIAL ENERGY REVIEW: ENERGY T
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Preface In June 2013, through the P
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Presidential Memorandum The White H
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(xx) the Small Business Administrat
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..........
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure SPM-1. Age b
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Figure 7-7. Conditions Affecting Li
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Summary TRANSFORMING U.S. ENERGY IN
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same systems (e.g., ports and railw
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Aging Infrastructure and Changing R
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Actions taken in the first term of
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Figure SPM-3. Billion-Dollar Disast
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Key Findings Mitigating energy disr
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Recommendations in Brief To continu
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The potential range of new transmis
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Improve grid communication through
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Undertake a study of the relationsh
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• Doubling the size of the Inland
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Key Findings The United States has
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Promote Caribbean energy TS&D infra
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Recommendations in Brief Improve qu
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• Developing curricula and certif
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(2) the Fish and Wildlife Service I
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Table SPM-2. Examples of Federal Me
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Chapter I INTRODUCTION This chapter
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Table 3-2. Taxonomy of Utility Busi
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Figure 3-6. Select Electricity Juri
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QER Recommendations The Administrat
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QER Recommendations (continued) Coo
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RECOMMENDATIONS IN BRIEF: Modernizi
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17. Energy Information Administrati
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48. North American Electric Reliabi
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Chapter IV MODERNIZING U.S. ENERGY
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A Broad and Collective View of Ener
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States was forecast to become highl
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Changing Global and Domestic Oil Ma
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QER Recommendations SPR MODERNIZATI
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Biofuels and TS&D Infrastructure Is
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QER Recommendations TS&D INFRASTRUC
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The United States and Canada share
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Endnotes 1. Foreign Affairs, Trade
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Chapter V IMPROVING SHARED TRANSPOR
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Increased Use of Shared Transport I
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There are several reasons for this
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Congestion and Competition among Co
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Coal Transportation by Rail Coal re
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Ethanol Transportation by Rail Etha
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QER Recommendations RAIL TRANSPORT
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Figure 5-6. Annual Refinery Receipt
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Funding mechanisms for maintaining
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Inland shippers that want to move a
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DOT reports that connecting roads t
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Uncertainty in U.S. Coal Exports U.
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capacities of 1.5 MW to 2.5 MW, 103
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QER Recommendations PORTS, HARBORS
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QER Recommendations (continued) MOD
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Endnotes 1. Department of Agricultu
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39. Quadrennial Energy Review Analy
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75. Army Corps of Engineers, Planni
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111. Department of Energy. “Wind
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Chapter VI INTEGRATING NORTH AMERIC
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Benefits of North American Energy S
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TS&D infrastructure already plays a
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for electric transmission facilitie
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35, 36 Figure 6-5. U.S. Natural Gas
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pumped hydropower storage could pro
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QER Recommendations NORTH AMERICAN
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Administration Activities and Plans
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Risk and Resilience in the Caribbea
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QER Recommendations CARIBBEAN ENERG
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Endnotes 1. Molburg, J.C., J.A. Kav
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35. Energy Information Administrati
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Chapter VI: Integrating North Ameri
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Chapter VII: Addressing Environment
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Chapter VIII: Enhancing Employment
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9-26 QER Report: Energy Transmi
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Chapter X: Analytical and Stakehold
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND UNITS APE - Ar
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