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17. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Leiby, P. et al. “Results of Drawdown Capability Benefits, Study for DOE/EPSA.” Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 2015 (forthcoming at http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library). 18. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: RAND Corporation. “Scenario Development for the 2015 Quadrennial Energy Review.” 2015 (forthcoming at http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library). 19. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Jensen, J. “LNG Analysis Summary: A Different Way of Looking at the Future of World LNG Trade.” Jensen Associates. 2014. http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library. 20. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Mintz, M., C. Saricks and A. Vyas. “Coal-by-Rail Business-as-Usual Reference Case.” Argonne National Laboratory. February 2015. http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library. 21. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Paranhos, E. et al. “Controlling Methane Emissions in the Natural Gas Sector – A Review of Federal & State Regulatory Frameworks Governing Production, Processing, Transportation, and Distribution.” Joint Institute for Strategic Energy Analysis. NREL/TP-6A50-63416. April 2015. http://energy.gov/epsa/ qer-document-library. 22. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Warner, E. et al. “Potential Cost-Effective Opportunities for Methane Emissions Abatement.” Joint Institute for Strategic Energy Analysis and Department of Energy, Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis. NREL/TP-6A50-62818. April 2015. http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library. 23. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Greenblatt, J. “Opportunities for Efficiency Improvements in the U.S. Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution System.” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. 2015. http://energy.gov/epsa/qerdocument-library. 24. Quadrennial Energy Review: Keyser, D. “Energy-Related Employment in 2013: Methodology, Estimates, and Comparison to Other Recent Studies.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2015 (forthcoming at http://energy. gov/epsa/qer-document-library). 25. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Keyser, D., E. Warner and C. Curley. “Quantification of the Potential Gross Economic Impacts of Five Methane Reduction Scenarios.” Joint Institute for Strategic Energy Analysis. NREL/TP- 6A50-63801. April 2015. http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library. 26. The White House. “Presidential Memorandum – Establishing a Quadrennial Energy Review.” January 9, 2014. https:// www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/01/09/presidential-memorandum-establishing-quadrennial-energy-review. Accessed January 16, 2015. 27. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis. 2015. 28. Department of Energy. “The Water-Energy Nexus: Challenges and Opportunities.” June 2014. http://www.energy.gov/ sites/prod/files/2014/06/f16/Water%20Energy%20Nexus%20Report%20June%202014.pdf. Accessed January 16, 2015. QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015 10-23
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND UNITS APE – Area of Potential Effect ASSETS – Actions to Support Shared Energy Transport Systems Bcf/d – billion cubic feet per day BLM – Bureau of Land Management BLS – Bureau of Labor Statistics CCRIF – Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility CEM – Clean Energy Ministerial CESI – Caribbean Energy Security Initiative CMAQ – Congestion Management and Air Quality CO 2 – carbon dioxide CO 2 -EOR – carbon dioxide enhanced oil recovery DHS – Department of Homeland Security DOE – Department of Energy DOT – Department of Transportation DRECP – Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan EIA – Energy Information Administration EPA – Environmental Protection Agency EPCA – Energy Policy and Conservation Act EPSA – Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis ERCOT – Electric Reliability Council of Texas FERC – Federal Energy Regulatory Commission FY – Fiscal Year GHG – greenhouse gas GHGI – Greenhouse Gas Inventory GIS – geographic information system GROW AMERICA Act – Generating Renewable, Opportunity, and Work with Accelerated Mobility, Efficiency, and Rebuilding of Infrastructure and Communities throughout America Act GWP – Global Warming Potential IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers kV - kilovolt LNG – liquefied natural gas LPTs – large power transformers Million bbl/d – million barrels per day Mm/yr – millimeters per year MOU – memorandum of understanding MTS – Marine Transportation System MW – megawatt NEHHOR – Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve NEPA – National Environmental Policy Act NGL – natural gas liquids NOAA – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration PADD – Petroleum Administration for Defense District PEV – plug-in electric vehicle PHMSA – Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration PM 2.5 – fine particulate matter PV – photovoltaic QER – Quadrennial Energy Review QTR – Quadrennial Technology Review R&D – research and development RDD&D – research, development, demonstration, and deployment RPPRs– regional petroleum product reserves SPR – Strategic Petroleum Reserve STB – Surface Transportation Board TIGER – Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery TS&D – transmission, storage, and distribution USACE – Army Corps of Engineers USFS – Forest Service VOCs – volatile organic compounds QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015 A-1
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QUADRENNIAL ENERGY REVIEW: ENERGY T
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Preface In June 2013, through the P
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Presidential Memorandum The White H
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(xx) the Small Business Administrat
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..........
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure SPM-1. Age b
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Figure 7-7. Conditions Affecting Li
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Summary TRANSFORMING U.S. ENERGY IN
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same systems (e.g., ports and railw
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Aging Infrastructure and Changing R
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Actions taken in the first term of
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Figure SPM-3. Billion-Dollar Disast
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Key Findings Mitigating energy disr
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Recommendations in Brief To continu
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The potential range of new transmis
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Improve grid communication through
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Undertake a study of the relationsh
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• Doubling the size of the Inland
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Key Findings The United States has
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Promote Caribbean energy TS&D infra
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Recommendations in Brief Improve qu
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• Developing curricula and certif
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(2) the Fish and Wildlife Service I
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Table SPM-2. Examples of Federal Me
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Chapter I INTRODUCTION This chapter
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The requirements that this TS&D inf
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Increases in U.S. Oil and Natural G
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Increased Deployment of Renewable E
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Figure 1-3. Percent Change in Retai
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Climate Science The key conclusions
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Figure 1-7. Change in Annual Averag
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Other actions to deploy low-carbon
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Figure 1-8. Historic and Projected
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Government can build and incentiviz
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Notes: 1. Analyses were conducted w
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Organization of the Remainder of th
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Endnotes 1. Edison Electric Institu
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39. Energy Information Administrati
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Chapter II INCREASING THE RESILIENC
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The Importance of Resilient, Reliab
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Figure 2-1. Illustration of Tornado
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Continued increases in extreme weat
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Weather-Related and Other Reliabili
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Drought is also problematic. In 201
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Electricity TS&D Vulnerabilities Va
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Distribution hardening projects are
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Although pipelines above and below
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Safety and Methane Emissions from G
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Indianapolis’ in 2013 (see Figure
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Natural Gas Infrastructure Dependen
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• The changing geography of natur
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ose to greater than $34 per million
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NE MN IA MO WI IL MI IN KY TN OH Gr
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Vulnerability of Fuel Supply Disrup
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Figure 2-8. Earthquake Vulnerabilit
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Liquid Fuel TS&D Dependencies on El
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Results from an Argonne National La
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QER Recommendations (continued) Sup
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QER Recommendations (continued) Ana
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Endnotes 1. Government Accountabili
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31. The Climate Institute. “Water
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63. Global Climate Change Research
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131. Quadrennial Energy Review Anal
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Chapter III MODERNIZING THE ELECTRI
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The Electric Grid in Transition The
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esources, including central station
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demand; and the costs of alternativ
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In the Southwest, transmission buil
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Pumped hydro storage currently repr
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Resilience investments can require
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Communication with Customer Devices
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and maintenance of the interconnect
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technical experts to develop a set
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Table 3-2. Taxonomy of Utility Busi
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Figure 3-6. Select Electricity Juri
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QER Recommendations The Administrat
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QER Recommendations (continued) Coo
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RECOMMENDATIONS IN BRIEF: Modernizi
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48. North American Electric Reliabi
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Chapter IV MODERNIZING U.S. ENERGY
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A Broad and Collective View of Ener
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States was forecast to become highl
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Changing Global and Domestic Oil Ma
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QER Recommendations SPR MODERNIZATI
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Biofuels and TS&D Infrastructure Is
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QER Recommendations TS&D INFRASTRUC
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The United States and Canada share
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Endnotes 1. Foreign Affairs, Trade
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Chapter V IMPROVING SHARED TRANSPOR
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Increased Use of Shared Transport I
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There are several reasons for this
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Congestion and Competition among Co
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Coal Transportation by Rail Coal re
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Ethanol Transportation by Rail Etha
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QER Recommendations RAIL TRANSPORT
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Figure 5-6. Annual Refinery Receipt
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Funding mechanisms for maintaining
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Inland shippers that want to move a
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DOT reports that connecting roads t
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Uncertainty in U.S. Coal Exports U.
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capacities of 1.5 MW to 2.5 MW, 103
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QER Recommendations PORTS, HARBORS
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QER Recommendations (continued) MOD
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Endnotes 1. Department of Agricultu
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39. Quadrennial Energy Review Analy
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75. Army Corps of Engineers, Planni
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111. Department of Energy. “Wind
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Chapter VI INTEGRATING NORTH AMERIC
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Benefits of North American Energy S
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TS&D infrastructure already plays a
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for electric transmission facilitie
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35, 36 Figure 6-5. U.S. Natural Gas
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pumped hydropower storage could pro
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QER Recommendations NORTH AMERICAN
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Administration Activities and Plans
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Risk and Resilience in the Caribbea
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QER Recommendations CARIBBEAN ENERG
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Endnotes 1. Molburg, J.C., J.A. Kav
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Chapter VI: Integrating North Ameri
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Chapter VII: Addressing Environment
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Chapter VIII: Enhancing Employment
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Page 325 and 326: Chapter X: Analytical and Stakehold
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