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17. Energy Information Administration. “Investment in electricity transmission infrastructure shows steady increase.” Today in Energy. August 26, 2014. http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=17711. Accessed March 4, 2015. 18. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Hadley, S.W. and A.H. Sanstad. “Impacts of Demand-Side Resources on Electric Transmission Planning Demand Resources and Transmission Requirements.” Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. January 2015. http://energy.gov/epsa/downloads/report-impacts-demand-sideresources-electric-transmission-planning. 19. Perez-Arriaga, I.J., H. Rudnick and M. Rivier. “Electric Energy Systems: An Overview.” In: Electric Energy Systems Analysis and Operations, eds. Gomez-Exposito, A., A. Conejo and C. Canizares. CRC Press. 2008. 20. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Energy Initiative. “The Future of the Electric Grid.” p. 35. 2011. http://mitei.mit. edu/publications/reports-studies/future-electric-grid. Accessed January 7, 2015. Citing: Perez-Arriaga, I.J., H. Rudnick and M. Rivier. “Electric Energy Systems: An Overview.” In: Electric Energy Systems: Analysis and Operation, eds. Gomez-Exposito, A., A. Conejo and C. Canizares. CRC Press. 2008. Reproduced with permission. 21. Hand, M.M. et al. eds. “Renewable Electricity Futures Study.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2012. http:// www.nrel.gov/analysis/re_futures/. Accessed February 26, 2015.; GE Energy. “Western Wind and Solar Integration Study.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory. May 2010. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/47781.pdf. Accessed February 25, 2015.; Lew, D. et al. “The Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 2.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory. September 2013. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/55588.pdf. Accessed February 25, 2015.; International Energy Agency. “The Power of Transformation Wind: Sun and the Economics of Flexible Power Systems.” 2014.; Ma, O. et al. “Demand Response and Energy Storage Integration Study.” In development. http://www1. eere.energy.gov/analysis/response_storage_study.html. Accessed February 25, 2015. 22. Hand, M.M. et al. eds. “Renewable Electricity Futures Study.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 2012. http:// www.nrel.gov/analysis/re_futures/. Accessed February 26, 2015. 23. GE Energy. “Western Wind and Solar Integration Study.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory. May 2010. http:// www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/47781.pdf. Accessed February 25, 2015. 24. Ela, E. and B. Kirby. “ERCOT Event on February 26, 2008: Lessons Learned.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory. July 2008. http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/43373.pdf. Accessed February 2, 2015. 25. Deane, J., B.Ó. Gallachóir and E. McKeogh. “Techno-economic review of existing and new pumped hydro energy storage plant.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 14(4). May 2010. p. 1293–1302. http://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S1364032109002779?np=y. Accessed January 15, 2015. 26. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. “Pumped Storage Projects.” November 21, 2014. http://www.ferc.gov/ industries/hydropower/gen-info/licensing/pump-storage.asp. Accessed February 1, 2015. 27. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. “Integration of Variable Energy Resources.” 139 FERC 61,246. 2012. 28. Ma, O. et al. “Demand Response and Energy Storage Integration Study.” In development. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ analysis/response_storage_study.html. Accessed February 25, 2015. 29. Ma, O. et al. “Demand Response and Energy Storage Integration Study.” In development. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ analysis/response_storage_study.html. Accessed February 25, 2015. 30. North American Electric Reliability Corporation. “Transmission System Planning Performance Requirements.” p. 6. http://www.nerc.com/files/TPL-001-4.pdf. Accessed January 27, 2015. 31. Edison Electric Institution. “Before and After the Storm: A Compilation of Recent Studies, Programs, and Policies Related to Storm Hardening and Resiliency.” 2014. http://www.eei.org/issuesandpolicy/electricreliability/ mutualassistance/Documents/BeforeandAftertheStorm.pdf. Accessed January 27, 2015.; Executive Office of the President. “Economic Benefits of Increasing Electric Grid Resilience to Weather Outages.” 2013. http://energy.gov/sites/ prod/files/2013/08/f2/Grid%20Resiliency%20Report_FINAL.pdf. Accessed January 27, 2015.; Electric Power Research Institute. “Enhancing Distribution Resiliency: Opportunities for Applying Innovative Technologies.” 2013. http://www. epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000000001026889. Accessed January 16, 2015.; Drexel, J.M. “Risk Assessment for Storm Hardening.” ConEdison, Inc. 2014. Presentation at the Resilient Grid Workshop, Brookhaven National Laboratory, October 16–17, 2014. http://www.bnl.gov/rsg2014/files/talks/Drexel_BNLConEd.pdf. Accessed January 27, 2015. QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015 3-31
Chapter III: Modernizing the Electric Grid 32. Quanta Technology. “Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Deployment of Utility Infrastructure Upgrades and Storm Hardening Programs.” 2009. http://www.puc.texas.gov/industry/electric/reports/infra/Utlity_Infrastructure_Upgrades_rpt. pdf. Accessed January 27, 2015. 33. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, and Argonne National Laboratory. “Synthesis of Impacts/Disruptive Events on TS&D Infrastructure (Vol 1–3: Electricity, Liquid Fuels, Natural Gas.” 2014 (forthcoming at http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library). 34. Department of Energy. “Smart Grid Investments Improve Grid Reliability, Resilience, and Storm Responses.” November 2014. http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/12/f19/SG-ImprovesRestoration-Nov2014.pdf. Accessed February 25, 2015. 35. Dell, J. et al. “Chapter 4 Energy Supply and Use.” p. 113–129. In: Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment. Global Change Research Program. 2014. http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/ sectors/energy. Accessed April 2, 2015 36. Department of Energy. “The Potential Benefits of Distributed Generation and Rate-Related Issues that may Impede their Expansion—A Study Pursuant to Section 1817 of the Energy Policy Act Of 2005.” February 2007. http://www. ferc.gov/legal/fed-sta/exp-study.pdf. Accessed February 25, 2015. 37. Electric Power Research Institute. “Estimating the Costs and Benefits of the Smart Grid: A Preliminary Estimate of the Investment Requirements and the Resultant Benefits of a Fully Functioning Smart Grid.” 2011. https://www. smartgrid.gov/sites/default/files/doc/files/Estimating_Costs_Benefits_Smart_Grid_Preliminary_Estimate_In_201103.pdf. Accessed February 25, 2015. 38. Jongejan, A. et al. “Dynamic Pricing Tariffs for DTE’s Residential Electricity Customers.” Center for Sustainable Systems, University of Michigan. April 2010. http://css.snre.umich.edu/css_doc/CSS10-04.pdf. Accessed February 25, 2015. 39. Pinney, D. “Costs and Benefits of Conservation Voltage Reduction – CVR Warrants Careful Examination.” National Rural Electric Cooperative Association. 2013. http://www.nreca.coop/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/NRECA_DOE_Costs_ Benefits_of_CVR_b.pdf. Accessed February 25, 2015. 40. Department of Energy. “Operations and Maintenance Savings from Advanced Metering Infrastructure – Initial Results.” December 2012. http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/AMI_Savings_Dec2012Final.pdf. Accessed February 25, 2015. 41. Edison Electric Institute. “Disruptive Challenges: Financial Implications and Strategic Responses to a Changing Retail Electric Business.” January 2013. http://www.eei.org/ourissues/finance/documents/disruptivechallenges.pdf. Accessed February 25, 2015. 42. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Taft, J.D. and A. Becker-Dippman. “Grid Architecture.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. PNNL-24044. January 2015. http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library. 43. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “The Future of the Electric Grid.” p. 197–229. 2011. https://mitei.mit.edu/system/ files/Electric_Grid_Full_Report.pdf. Accessed February 2, 2015. 44. Booth, A., M. Greene and H. Tai. “US Smart Grid Value at Stake: the $130 Billion Question.” In: McKinsey on Smart Grid: Can the smart grid live up to its expectations? McKinsey & Co. http://www.mckinsey.com/client_service/electric_ power_and_natural_gas/latest_thinking/mckinsey_on_smart_grid. Accessed February 14, 2014. 45. Roth, K.W. et al. “Energy Impact of Commercial Building Controls and Performance Diagnostics: Market Characterization, Energy Impact of Building Faults and Energy Savings Potential.” p. 9–92. TIAX LLC. 2005. 46. Department of Energy. “Summary and Presentations from ‘Estimating the Benefits and Costs of Distributed Energy Technologies’ Workshop Now Available.” December 8, 2014. http://energy.gov/oe/articles/summary-and-presentationsestimating-benefits-and-costs-distributed-energy-technologies. Accessed February 2, 2015. 47. Department of Energy. “2014 Report to Congress: Smart Grid System Report.” August 2014. http://energy.gov/sites/ prod/files/2014/08/f18/SmartGrid-SystemReport2014.pdf. Accessed March 17, 2015. 3-32 QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015
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QUADRENNIAL ENERGY REVIEW: ENERGY T
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Preface In June 2013, through the P
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Presidential Memorandum The White H
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(xx) the Small Business Administrat
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..........
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure SPM-1. Age b
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Figure 7-7. Conditions Affecting Li
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Summary TRANSFORMING U.S. ENERGY IN
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same systems (e.g., ports and railw
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Aging Infrastructure and Changing R
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Actions taken in the first term of
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Figure SPM-3. Billion-Dollar Disast
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Key Findings Mitigating energy disr
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Recommendations in Brief To continu
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The potential range of new transmis
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Improve grid communication through
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Undertake a study of the relationsh
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• Doubling the size of the Inland
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Key Findings The United States has
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Promote Caribbean energy TS&D infra
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Recommendations in Brief Improve qu
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• Developing curricula and certif
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(2) the Fish and Wildlife Service I
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Table SPM-2. Examples of Federal Me
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Chapter I INTRODUCTION This chapter
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The requirements that this TS&D inf
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Increases in U.S. Oil and Natural G
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Increased Deployment of Renewable E
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Figure 1-3. Percent Change in Retai
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Climate Science The key conclusions
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Figure 1-7. Change in Annual Averag
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Other actions to deploy low-carbon
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Figure 1-8. Historic and Projected
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Government can build and incentiviz
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Notes: 1. Analyses were conducted w
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Organization of the Remainder of th
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Endnotes 1. Edison Electric Institu
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39. Energy Information Administrati
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Chapter II INCREASING THE RESILIENC
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The Importance of Resilient, Reliab
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Figure 2-1. Illustration of Tornado
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Continued increases in extreme weat
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Weather-Related and Other Reliabili
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Drought is also problematic. In 201
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Electricity TS&D Vulnerabilities Va
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Distribution hardening projects are
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Although pipelines above and below
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Safety and Methane Emissions from G
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Indianapolis’ in 2013 (see Figure
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Natural Gas Infrastructure Dependen
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• The changing geography of natur
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ose to greater than $34 per million
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NE MN IA MO WI IL MI IN KY TN OH Gr
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Vulnerability of Fuel Supply Disrup
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QER Recommendations (continued) MOD
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Endnotes 1. Department of Agricultu
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39. Quadrennial Energy Review Analy
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75. Army Corps of Engineers, Planni
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111. Department of Energy. “Wind
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Chapter VI INTEGRATING NORTH AMERIC
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Benefits of North American Energy S
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TS&D infrastructure already plays a
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for electric transmission facilitie
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35, 36 Figure 6-5. U.S. Natural Gas
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pumped hydropower storage could pro
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QER Recommendations NORTH AMERICAN
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Administration Activities and Plans
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Risk and Resilience in the Caribbea
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QER Recommendations CARIBBEAN ENERG
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Endnotes 1. Molburg, J.C., J.A. Kav
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Chapter VI: Integrating North Ameri
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Chapter VII: Addressing Environment
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Chapter VIII: Enhancing Employment
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Chapter IX: Siting and Permitting o
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Chapter X: Analytical and Stakehold
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND UNITS APE - Ar
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