LVXXU

Chapter II: Increasing the Resilience, Reliability, Safety, and Asset Security of TS&D Infrastructure
NM
TX
AR
LA
MS
AL
Gulf Coast (Part of PADD III): This region is a
major center for onshore and offshore production,
refining, and loading and unloading of water
shipments of crude oil and refined products. Fiftytwo
percent of the Nation’s operable refinery capacity
is in PADD III. It is susceptible to tropical storms
and hurricanes, flooding, and sea-level rise. During
the past century, land subsidence in the Gulf Coast
region has caused relative sea levels to rise by 5–10
mm/year, which is more than the twice the global
average. The highest rates of land subsidence within
the Gulf Coast region are estimated to be in the
vicinity of the Mississippi River Delta. 116
ID
UT
MT
WY
CO
Northern Rocky Mountain Region (PADD IV):
This region consumes fuels from refineries in the
Salt Lake and Denver areas that mainly process
crude oil produced from within the region. The main
hazards are earthquakes and perhaps tornados. It is
susceptible to extreme cold. Pipelines networks are
less dense in the less populated regions of PADD IV.
This leads to cities that are far from refining centers
often being served by long dedicated pipelines. These
cities are more dependent on the operation of single
pipelines than typically is the case in regions of the
country with higher-density populations. An example
in PADD IV is Boise, Idaho, which is dependent on a
single pipeline from Salt Lake City.
CA
OR
WA
NV
AZ
West Coast Region (PADD V): Although this region
still produces much of the crude oil processed in
its refineries, it increasingly depends on receiving
shipments by water from other regions and from
ports within PADD V, including Alaska. PADD V is
not well-connected to other PADDs by pipeline, but
it does receive an increasing amount of its oil by rail.
The level of imports to PADD V is stable. This region
is susceptible to earthquakes and wildfires. Cities
that are on the downstream edge of supply from
West Coast refineries and depend on long dedicated
pipelines include Phoenix, Arizona; Las Vegas,
Nevada; and Reno, Nevada. During the past century,
sea levels along the West Coast have generally risen
at or below the global average rate. 117
AK
HI
2-30 QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015