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Recommendations

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18. 14 C.F.R. § 77. 19. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. “Record of Decision for the Sunzia Transmission Project.” January 2015. http://www.blm.gov/style/medialib/blm/nm/programs/more/lands_and_realty/sunzia/sunzia_docs.Par.94853. File.dat/SunZia_ROD_Record%20of%20Decision%20(1).pdf. Accessed March 9, 2015. 20. 40 C.F.R. § 1508.7. 21. 40 C.F.R. § 1508.7. 22. Council on Environmental Quality. “Environmental Justice: Guidance Under the National Environmental Policy Act.” 1997. http://www.epa.gov/oecaerth/environmentaljustice/resources/policy/ej_guidance_nepa_ceq1297.pdf. Accessed February 25, 2015. 23. City of Berkeley. “Chapter 520: Soil Excavation and Erosion.” http://cityofberkeley.us/DocumentCenter/Home/View/122. Accessed February 27, 2015. 24. Helfrich, H.A. et al. “Control Methods for Aquatic Plants in Ponds and Lakes.” 2009. https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-251/420-251.html. Accessed February 27, 2015. 25. 40 C.F.R. § 1508.2. 26. Environmental Protection Agency. “Compensatory Mitigation.” http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/guidance/wetlands/ wetlandsmitigation_index.cfm. Accessed March 9, 2015. 27. Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Energy and Economic Development. “General Mitigation Measures (Best Management Practices) for Transmission Development Activities.” http://teeic.indianaffairs.gov/er/transmission/ mitigation/index.htm. Accessed March 6, 2015. 28. Army Corps of Engineers and Environmental Protection Agency. “Compensatory Mitigation for Losses of Aquatic Resources.” 73 Fed. Reg. 19594. 40 C.F.R. § 230. April 10, 2008. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2008-04-10/pdf/E8- 6918.pdf#page=94. Accessed February 26, 2015. 29. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. “Instruction Memorandum No. 2013-142 – Interim Policy, Draft - Regional Mitigation Manual Section - 1794.” http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/info/regulations/Instruction_Memos_ and_Bulletins/national_instruction/2013/IM_2013-142.html. Accessed March 11, 2015.; Department of the Interior. “A Strategy for Improving the Mitigation Policies and Practices of the Department of the Interior.” April 2014. http:// www.doi.gov/news/upload/Mitigation-Report-to-the-Secretary_FINAL_04_08_14.pdf. Accessed January 21, 2015.; Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. “The BLM’s Landscape Approach for Managing Public Lands.” January 31, 2014. http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/more/Landscape_Approach.html. Accessed February 23, 2015.; Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. “NiSource, Inc.; Record of Decision, Habitat Conservation Plan, Environmental Impact Statement, and Permit Issuance.” 78 Fed. Reg. 68465. November 14, 2013. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-11-14/pdf/2013-27230.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2015. 30. Environmental Protection Agency. “Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions from Large Facilities.” 2014. http://ghgdata. epa.gov/. Accessed February 25, 2015.; Environmental Protection Agency. “Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 - 2012. Chapter 3: Energy.” Table 3-44. p. 3–68. February 2015. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ ghgemissions/usinventoryreport.html. Accessed April 1, 2015.; Oak Ridge National Laboratory. “Transportation Energy Data Book, 32nd ed.” http://cta.ornl.gov/data/index.shtml. Accessed February 25, 2015.; Oak Ridge National Laboratory. “Laboratory FAF3 Provisional Annual Data for 2012: Freight Analysis Framework.” 2014. http://faf.ornl. gov/fafweb. Accessed February 25, 2015.; Energy Information Administration. “Fuel Consumed at Refineries.” 2014. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pnp_capfuel_dcu_nus_a.htm. Accessed February 25, 2015.; Energy Information Administration. “2010 Energy Consumption by Manufacturers – Data Tables.” 2013.; Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Department of Energy, Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Fuel Use within the Natural Gas Supply Chain: Sankey Diagram Methodology.” 2015 (forthcoming at http://energy.gov/ epsa/qer-document-library). QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015 7-29
Chapter VII: Addressing Environmental Aspects of TS&D Infrastructure 31. Environmental Protection Agency. “Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 - 2012. Chapter 3: Energy.” Table 3-44. p. 3-68. February 2015. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryreport.html. Accessed April 1, 2015. 32. Department of State. “United States Climate Action Report 2014. Chapter 5.” 2014. http://www.state.gov/e/oes/climate/ ccreport2014/. Accessed February 25, 2015. 33. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. “Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Chapter 8.” 2013. https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf. Accessed February 2, 2015. 34. Environmental Protection Agency. “U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory.” Table ES-2. 2014. http://www.epa.gov/ climatechange/Downloads/ghgemissions/US-GHG-Inventory-2014-Chapter-Executive-Summary.pdf. Accessed April 1, 2015. 35. Environmental Protection Agency. “Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 - 2012. Chapter 3: Energy.” Table 3-44. p. 3-68. February 2015. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryreport.html. Accessed April 1, 2015. 36. Energy Information Administration. “Natural Gas Consumption by End Use.” http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_cons_ sum_dcu_nus_a.htm. Accessed January 15, 2015. 37. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Department of Energy, Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Fuel Use within the Natural Gas Supply Chain: Sankey Diagram Methodology.” 2015 (forthcoming at http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library). 38. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Department of Energy, Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Fuel Use within the Natural Gas Supply Chain: Sankey Diagram Methodology.” 2015 (forthcoming at http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library). 39. Energy Information Administration. “Natural Gas Consumption by End Use.” http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_cons_ sum_dcu_nus_a.htm. Accessed January 15, 2015. 40. Energy Information Administration. “Annual Energy Outlook 2014.” Table A2. April 2014. http://www.eia.gov/ forecasts/aeo/pdf/tbla2.pdf. Accessed January 15, 2015. 41. Environmental Protection Agency. “Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2012.” Table 3-43. 2014. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/ghgemissions/US-GHG-Inventory-2014-Main-Text.pdf. Accessed March 5, 2015. 42. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Department of Energy, Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Fuel Use within the Natural Gas Supply Chain: Sankey Diagram Methodology.” 2015 (forthcoming at http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library). 43. Environmental Protection Agency. “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2012.” Annex 3 - Table A.138. April 2014. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryreport/2014.html. Accessed April 1, 2015. 44. Environmental Protection Agency. “Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2012. Annex 3 - Table A-148. p. A-202. February 2015. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryreport.html. Accessed April 1, 2015. 45. Environmental Protection Agency. “Natural Gas STAR Program: Basic Information.” http://www.epa.gov/methane/ gasstar/basic-information/index.html. Accessed January 16, 2015. 46. ICF International. “Economic Analysis of Methane Emission Reduction Opportunities in the U.S. Onshore Oil and Natural Gas Industries.” Prepared for the Environmental Defense Fund. March 2014. https://www.edf.org/sites/default/ files/methane_cost_curve_report.pdf. Accessed January 16, 2015. 7-30 QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015
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QUADRENNIAL ENERGY REVIEW: ENERGY T
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Preface In June 2013, through the P
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Presidential Memorandum The White H
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(xx) the Small Business Administrat
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..........
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure SPM-1. Age b
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Figure 7-7. Conditions Affecting Li
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Summary TRANSFORMING U.S. ENERGY IN
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same systems (e.g., ports and railw
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Aging Infrastructure and Changing R
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Actions taken in the first term of
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Figure SPM-3. Billion-Dollar Disast
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Key Findings Mitigating energy disr
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Recommendations in Brief To continu
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The potential range of new transmis
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Improve grid communication through
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Undertake a study of the relationsh
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• Doubling the size of the Inland
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Key Findings The United States has
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Promote Caribbean energy TS&D infra
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Recommendations in Brief Improve qu
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• Developing curricula and certif
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(2) the Fish and Wildlife Service I
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Table SPM-2. Examples of Federal Me
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Chapter I INTRODUCTION This chapter
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The requirements that this TS&D inf
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Increases in U.S. Oil and Natural G
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Increased Deployment of Renewable E
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Figure 1-3. Percent Change in Retai
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Climate Science The key conclusions
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Figure 1-7. Change in Annual Averag
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Other actions to deploy low-carbon
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Figure 1-8. Historic and Projected
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Government can build and incentiviz
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Notes: 1. Analyses were conducted w
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Organization of the Remainder of th
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Endnotes 1. Edison Electric Institu
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39. Energy Information Administrati
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Chapter II INCREASING THE RESILIENC
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The Importance of Resilient, Reliab
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Figure 2-1. Illustration of Tornado
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Continued increases in extreme weat
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Weather-Related and Other Reliabili
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Drought is also problematic. In 201
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Electricity TS&D Vulnerabilities Va
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Distribution hardening projects are
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Although pipelines above and below
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Safety and Methane Emissions from G
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Indianapolis’ in 2013 (see Figure
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Natural Gas Infrastructure Dependen
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• The changing geography of natur
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ose to greater than $34 per million
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NE MN IA MO WI IL MI IN KY TN OH Gr
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Vulnerability of Fuel Supply Disrup
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Figure 2-8. Earthquake Vulnerabilit
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Liquid Fuel TS&D Dependencies on El
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Results from an Argonne National La
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QER Recommendations (continued) Sup
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QER Recommendations (continued) Ana
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Endnotes 1. Government Accountabili
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31. The Climate Institute. “Water
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63. Global Climate Change Research
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131. Quadrennial Energy Review Anal
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Chapter III MODERNIZING THE ELECTRI
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The Electric Grid in Transition The
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esources, including central station
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demand; and the costs of alternativ
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In the Southwest, transmission buil
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Pumped hydro storage currently repr
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Resilience investments can require
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Communication with Customer Devices
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and maintenance of the interconnect
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technical experts to develop a set
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Table 3-2. Taxonomy of Utility Busi
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Figure 3-6. Select Electricity Juri
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QER Recommendations The Administrat
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QER Recommendations (continued) Coo
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RECOMMENDATIONS IN BRIEF: Modernizi
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48. North American Electric Reliabi
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Chapter IV MODERNIZING U.S. ENERGY
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A Broad and Collective View of Ener
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States was forecast to become highl
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Changing Global and Domestic Oil Ma
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QER Recommendations SPR MODERNIZATI
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Biofuels and TS&D Infrastructure Is
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QER Recommendations TS&D INFRASTRUC
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The United States and Canada share
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Endnotes 1. Foreign Affairs, Trade
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Chapter V IMPROVING SHARED TRANSPOR
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Increased Use of Shared Transport I
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There are several reasons for this
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Congestion and Competition among Co
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Coal Transportation by Rail Coal re
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Ethanol Transportation by Rail Etha
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QER Recommendations RAIL TRANSPORT
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Figure 5-6. Annual Refinery Receipt
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Funding mechanisms for maintaining
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Inland shippers that want to move a
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DOT reports that connecting roads t
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Uncertainty in U.S. Coal Exports U.
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capacities of 1.5 MW to 2.5 MW, 103
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QER Recommendations PORTS, HARBORS
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QER Recommendations (continued) MOD
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Endnotes 1. Department of Agricultu
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39. Quadrennial Energy Review Analy
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75. Army Corps of Engineers, Planni
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111. Department of Energy. “Wind
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Chapter VI INTEGRATING NORTH AMERIC
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Page 235 and 236: QER Recommendations NORTH AMERICAN
Page 237 and 238: Administration Activities and Plans
Page 239 and 240: Risk and Resilience in the Caribbea
Page 241 and 242: QER Recommendations CARIBBEAN ENERG
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Page 249 and 250: Chapter VII: Addressing Environment
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Page 285 and 286: Chapter VIII: Enhancing Employment
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Chapter X: Analytical and Stakehold
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND UNITS APE - Ar
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