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79. Energy Information Administration. “Monthly Energy Review.” March 2015. http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/ monthly/pdf/mer.pdf. 80. Energy Information Administration. “Monthly Energy Review.” March 2015. http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/ monthly/pdf/mer.pdf. 81. Energy Information Administration. “U.S. Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 2013.” October 21, 2014. http://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/carbon/. Accessed January 26, 2015. 82. Environmental Protection Agency. “Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2012.” Chapter 3. 2014. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/ghgemissions/US-GHG-Inventory-2014-Chapter-3-Energy.pdf. 83. The White House. “We’re taking action of climate change.” March 31, 2015. https://medium.com/@Deese44/we-retaking-action-on-climate-change-and-the-world-is-joining-us-2bf44a62b9b9. 84. Department of State. “U.S. Climate Action Report 2014: First Biennial Report of the United States of America.” January 2014. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/219039.pdf. 85. Bosworth, B. and S. Milusheva. “Innovations in U.S. Infrastructure Financing: An Evaluation.” The Brookings Institution and the Nomura Foundation Conference on the Global Economy after the Tohoku Earthquake. 2011. http://www.nomurafoundation.or.jp/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/20111107_Barry_Bosworth-Sveta_ Milusheva_000.pdf. Accessed February 26, 2015. 86. Della Croce, R. and J. Yermo. “Institutional Investors and Infrastructure Financing.” OECD Working Papers on Finance, Insurance and Private Pensions, No. 36. OECD Publishing. 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5k3wh99xgc33-en. Accessed January 15, 2015. 87. Congressional Budget Office. “Issues and Options in Infrastructure Investment.” May 2008. www.cbo.gov/sites/default/ files/05-16-infrastructure.pdf. Accessed January 15, 2015. 88. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis. 2015. QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015 1-29
Chapter I: Introduction 1-30 QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015
Page 1 and 2:
QUADRENNIAL ENERGY REVIEW: ENERGY T
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Preface In June 2013, through the P
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Presidential Memorandum The White H
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(xx) the Small Business Administrat
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..........
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure SPM-1. Age b
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Figure 7-7. Conditions Affecting Li
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Summary TRANSFORMING U.S. ENERGY IN
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same systems (e.g., ports and railw
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Aging Infrastructure and Changing R
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Actions taken in the first term of
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Figure SPM-3. Billion-Dollar Disast
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Key Findings Mitigating energy disr
Page 27 and 28: Recommendations in Brief To continu
Page 29 and 30: The potential range of new transmis
Page 31 and 32: Improve grid communication through
Page 33 and 34: Undertake a study of the relationsh
Page 35 and 36: • Doubling the size of the Inland
Page 37 and 38: Key Findings The United States has
Page 39 and 40: Promote Caribbean energy TS&D infra
Page 41 and 42: Recommendations in Brief Improve qu
Page 43 and 44: • Developing curricula and certif
Page 45 and 46: (2) the Fish and Wildlife Service I
Page 47 and 48: Table SPM-2. Examples of Federal Me
Page 50 and 51: Chapter I INTRODUCTION This chapter
Page 52 and 53: The requirements that this TS&D inf
Page 54 and 55: Increases in U.S. Oil and Natural G
Page 56 and 57: Increased Deployment of Renewable E
Page 58 and 59: Figure 1-3. Percent Change in Retai
Page 60 and 61: Climate Science The key conclusions
Page 62 and 63: Figure 1-7. Change in Annual Averag
Page 64 and 65: Other actions to deploy low-carbon
Page 66 and 67: Figure 1-8. Historic and Projected
Page 68 and 69: Government can build and incentiviz
Page 70 and 71: Notes: 1. Analyses were conducted w
Page 72 and 73: Organization of the Remainder of th
Page 74 and 75: Endnotes 1. Edison Electric Institu
Page 76 and 77: 39. Energy Information Administrati
Page 80 and 81: Chapter II INCREASING THE RESILIENC
Page 82 and 83: The Importance of Resilient, Reliab
Page 84 and 85: Figure 2-1. Illustration of Tornado
Page 86 and 87: Continued increases in extreme weat
Page 88 and 89: Weather-Related and Other Reliabili
Page 90 and 91: Drought is also problematic. In 201
Page 92 and 93: Electricity TS&D Vulnerabilities Va
Page 94 and 95: Distribution hardening projects are
Page 96 and 97: Although pipelines above and below
Page 98 and 99: Safety and Methane Emissions from G
Page 100 and 101: Indianapolis’ in 2013 (see Figure
Page 102 and 103: Natural Gas Infrastructure Dependen
Page 104 and 105: • The changing geography of natur
Page 106 and 107: ose to greater than $34 per million
Page 108 and 109: NE MN IA MO WI IL MI IN KY TN OH Gr
Page 110 and 111: Vulnerability of Fuel Supply Disrup
Page 112 and 113: Figure 2-8. Earthquake Vulnerabilit
Page 114 and 115: Liquid Fuel TS&D Dependencies on El
Page 116 and 117: Results from an Argonne National La
Page 118 and 119: QER Recommendations (continued) Sup
Page 120 and 121: QER Recommendations (continued) Ana
Page 122 and 123: Endnotes 1. Government Accountabili
Page 124 and 125: 31. The Climate Institute. “Water
Page 126 and 127: 63. Global Climate Change Research
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93. Energy Information Administrati
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131. Quadrennial Energy Review Anal
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Chapter III MODERNIZING THE ELECTRI
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The Electric Grid in Transition The
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esources, including central station
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demand; and the costs of alternativ
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In the Southwest, transmission buil
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Pumped hydro storage currently repr
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Resilience investments can require
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Communication with Customer Devices
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and maintenance of the interconnect
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technical experts to develop a set
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Table 3-2. Taxonomy of Utility Busi
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Figure 3-6. Select Electricity Juri
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QER Recommendations The Administrat
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QER Recommendations (continued) Coo
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RECOMMENDATIONS IN BRIEF: Modernizi
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48. North American Electric Reliabi
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Chapter IV MODERNIZING U.S. ENERGY
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A Broad and Collective View of Ener
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States was forecast to become highl
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Changing Global and Domestic Oil Ma
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QER Recommendations SPR MODERNIZATI
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Biofuels and TS&D Infrastructure Is
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QER Recommendations TS&D INFRASTRUC
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The United States and Canada share
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Endnotes 1. Foreign Affairs, Trade
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Chapter V IMPROVING SHARED TRANSPOR
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Increased Use of Shared Transport I
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There are several reasons for this
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Congestion and Competition among Co
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Coal Transportation by Rail Coal re
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Ethanol Transportation by Rail Etha
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QER Recommendations RAIL TRANSPORT
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Figure 5-6. Annual Refinery Receipt
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Funding mechanisms for maintaining
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Inland shippers that want to move a
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DOT reports that connecting roads t
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Uncertainty in U.S. Coal Exports U.
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capacities of 1.5 MW to 2.5 MW, 103
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QER Recommendations PORTS, HARBORS
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QER Recommendations (continued) MOD
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Endnotes 1. Department of Agricultu
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39. Quadrennial Energy Review Analy
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75. Army Corps of Engineers, Planni
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111. Department of Energy. “Wind
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Chapter VI INTEGRATING NORTH AMERIC
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Benefits of North American Energy S
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TS&D infrastructure already plays a
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for electric transmission facilitie
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35, 36 Figure 6-5. U.S. Natural Gas
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pumped hydropower storage could pro
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QER Recommendations NORTH AMERICAN
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Administration Activities and Plans
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Risk and Resilience in the Caribbea
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QER Recommendations CARIBBEAN ENERG
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Endnotes 1. Molburg, J.C., J.A. Kav
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Chapter VI: Integrating North Ameri
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Chapter VII: Addressing Environment
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Chapter VIII: Enhancing Employment
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Chapter IX: Siting and Permitting o
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9-26 QER Report: Energy Transmi
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Chapter X: Analytical and Stakehold
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND UNITS APE - Ar
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