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Endnotes 1. Government Accountability Office. “Climate Change: Energy Infrastructure Risks and Adaptation Efforts.” January 2014. www.gao.gov/assets/670/660558.pdf. Accessed February 25, 2015.; Edison Electric Institute. “EEI Statistical Yearbook 2013.” Table 10.6. http://www.eei.org/resourcesandmedia/products/Pages/ProductDetails. aspx?prod=617A7D67-9678-44FC-AE6F-6876ADAE7406&type=S. Accessed March 18, 2015.; Platts. “Platts UDI Directory of Electric Power Producers and Distributors, 122nd Edition of the Electrical World Directory.” p. vi. 2014. Accessed March 2, 2015. 2. The North American Electric Reliabilty Corporation. “State of Reliability 2014.” p. 5. 2014. http://www.nerc.com/pa/ RAPA/PA/Performance%20Analysis%20DL/2014_SOR_Final.pdf. Accessed February 25, 2015. 3. Los Alamos National Laboratory. “Interdependent Energy Infrastructure Simulation System (IEISS) Technical Reference Manual, Version 1.0.” 2003. 4. Pederson, P. et al. “Critical Infrastructure Interdependency Modeling: A Survey of U.S. and International Research.” Idaho National Laboratory. August 2006. http://www5vip.inl.gov/technicalpublications/Documents/3489532.pdf. Accessed March 31, 2015. 5. U.S. Geological Survey. “Significant United States Earthquakes, 1568-2004.” National Atlas of the United States. 2005.; U.S. Geological Survey. “Disturbance History (Historical Wildland Fires) 2000-2009.” 2014. http://wfdss.usgs.gov/ wfdss/WFDSS_Data_Downloads.shtml. Accessed March 13, 2015.; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service. “Tornadoes (1950-2013).” http://www.spc.noaa.gov/gis/svrgis/. AccessedMarch 13, 2015.; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center. “IBTrACS-All data.” Version v03r06. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ibtracs/index.php?name=ibtracs-data. Accessed March 13, 2015.; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center. “Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Table of Events.” http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/events. Accessed March 13, 2015.; Maloney, M.C. and B.L. Preston. “A geospatial dataset for U.S. hurricane storm surge and sea-level rise vulnerability.” Climate Risk Management. 2. 2014. p. 26–41. 6. National Research Council. “Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System.” The National Academies Press. 2012. http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12050. Accessed March 31, 2015. 7. Campbell, R.J. “Weather-Related Power Outages and Electric System Resiliency.” Congressional Research Service. August 28, 2012. http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42696.pdf. Accessed March 31, 2015. 8. Executive Office of the President. “Economic Benefits of Increasing Electric Grid Resilience to Weather Outages.” August 2013. http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/08/f2/Grid%20Resiliency%20Report_FINAL.pdf. 9. Hedde, C. “2013 Natural Catastrophe Year in Review: US/Global Natural Catastrophe Update.” Munich RE. January 7, 2014. https://www.munichreamerica.com/site/mram/get/documents_E1433556406/mram/assetpool.mr_america/PDFs/4_ Events/MunichRe_III_NatCatWebinar_012014.pdf. Accessed April 1, 2015. 10. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center. “Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Time Series.” http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions/time-series. 11. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, and Argonne National Laboratory. “Synthesis of Impacts/Disruptive Events on TS&D Infrastructure (Vol 1–3: Electricity, Liquid Fuels, Natural Gas).” 2014 (forthcoming at http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library). 12. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, and Argonne National Laboratory. “Synthesis of Impacts/Disruptive Events on TS&D Infrastructure (Vol 1–3: Electricity, Liquid Fuels, Natural Gas).” 2014 (forthcoming at http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library). 13. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: INTEK Inc. “United States Fuel Resiliency: US Fuels Supply Infrastructure (Vol 1–3).” September 2014. http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library. 14. Rose, A. et al. “Benefit-Cost Analysis of FEMA Hazard Mitigation Grants.” National Hazards Revision. 8(4). 2007. p. 97–111. QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015 2-43
Chapter II: Increasing the Resilience, Reliability, Safety, and Asset Security of TS&D Infrastructure 15. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Willis, H.H. and K. Loa. “Measuring the Resilience of Energy Distribution Systems.” Rand Corporation. PR-1293-DOE. July 2014. http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library. 16. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, and Argonne National Laboratory. “Synthesis of Impacts/Disruptive Events on TS&D Infrastructure (Vol 1–3: Electricity, Liquid Fuels, Natural Gas).” 2014 (forthcoming at http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library). 17. Executive Office of the President. “Economic Benefits of Increasing Electric Grid Resilience to Weather Outages.” August 2013. http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/08/f2/Grid%20Resiliency%20Report_FINAL.pdf. 18. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: The Brattle Group. “Electricity Baseline Report for the US Power System.” Prepared for the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. 2015 (forthcoming at http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-documentlibrary). 19. Executive Office of the President. “Economic Benefits of Increasing Electric Grid Resilience to Weather Outages.” p. 9. August 2013. http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/08/f2/Grid%20Resiliency%20Report_FINAL.pdf. Accessed February 25, 2015. 20. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Department of Energy, Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis. “Estimating the Effects of Sea-level Rise on Infrastructure Exposure to Storm Surge.” 2015 (forthcoming at http:// energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library). 21. Parris, A. et al. “Global Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the US National Climate Assessment.” p. 37. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Tech Memo OAR CPO-1. 2012. 22. Maloney, M.C. and B.L. Preston. “A geospatial dataset for U.S. hurricane storm surge and sea-level rise vulnerability: Development and case study applications.” Climate Risk Management. 2. 2014. p. 26–41. 23. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Department of Energy, Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis. “Estimating the Effects of Sea-level Rise on Infrastructure Exposure to Storm Surge.” 2015 (forthcoming at http:// energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library). 24. Maloney, M.C. and B.L. Preston. “A geospatial dataset for U.S. hurricane storm surge and sea-level rise vulnerability.” Climate Risk Management. 2. 2014. p. 26–41 (used to calculate inundation areas). 25. Melillo, J.M., T.C. Richmond, and G.W. Yohe, eds. “Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment.” p. 20. Global Change Research Program. 2014. 26. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. “IEEE Standard for Calculating the Current-Temperature Relationship of Bare Overhead Conductors.” p. 738–2012. IEEE Power and Energy Society. 2012. 27. Quadrennial Energy Review Analysis: Los Alamos National Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, and Argonne National Laboratory. “Synthesis of Impacts/Disruptive Events on TS&D Infrastructure (Vol 1–3: Electricity, Liquid Fuels, Natural Gas).” 2014 (forthcoming at http://energy.gov/epsa/qer-document-library). 28. Kintner-Meyer, M. et al. “Potential Impacts of Heat Waves and Coincident Drought on Electric Reliability, Cost, and CO 2 Emissions in the Eastern U.S. Grid.” Submitted to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 2014. 29. California Water Science Center. “The California Drought.” http://ca.water.usgs.gov/data/drought/. Accessed January 26, 2015. 30. Energy Information Association. “Electricity Data Browser- 1.13 Net Generation from hydroelectric (conventional) state by state sector.” http://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/0?agg=1,0,2&fuel=04&geo=vvvvvvvvvvvvo&s ec=o3g&linechart=ELEC.GEN.HYC-US-99.M~ELEC.GEN.HYC-CA-99.M~ELEC.GEN.HYC-OR-99.M~ELEC.GEN.HYC-WA- 99.M&columnchart=ELEC.GEN.HYC-US-99.M~ELEC.GEN.HYC-CA-99.M~ELEC.GEN.HYC-OR-99.M~ELEC.GEN.HYC-WA- 99.M&map=ELEC.GEN.HYC-US-99.M&freq=M&start=200101&end=201411&ctype=linechart&ltype=pin&rtype=s&mapty pe=0&rse=0&pin. Accessed February 25, 2015. 2-44 QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015
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QUADRENNIAL ENERGY REVIEW: ENERGY T
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Preface In June 2013, through the P
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Presidential Memorandum The White H
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(xx) the Small Business Administrat
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..........
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure SPM-1. Age b
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Figure 7-7. Conditions Affecting Li
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Summary TRANSFORMING U.S. ENERGY IN
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same systems (e.g., ports and railw
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Aging Infrastructure and Changing R
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Actions taken in the first term of
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Figure SPM-3. Billion-Dollar Disast
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Key Findings Mitigating energy disr
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Recommendations in Brief To continu
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The potential range of new transmis
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Improve grid communication through
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Undertake a study of the relationsh
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• Doubling the size of the Inland
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Key Findings The United States has
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Promote Caribbean energy TS&D infra
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Recommendations in Brief Improve qu
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• Developing curricula and certif
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(2) the Fish and Wildlife Service I
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Table SPM-2. Examples of Federal Me
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Chapter I INTRODUCTION This chapter
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The requirements that this TS&D inf
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Increases in U.S. Oil and Natural G
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Increased Deployment of Renewable E
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Figure 1-3. Percent Change in Retai
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Climate Science The key conclusions
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Figure 1-7. Change in Annual Averag
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Other actions to deploy low-carbon
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Figure 1-8. Historic and Projected
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Government can build and incentiviz
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Notes: 1. Analyses were conducted w
Page 72 and 73: Organization of the Remainder of th
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Page 80 and 81: Chapter II INCREASING THE RESILIENC
Page 82 and 83: The Importance of Resilient, Reliab
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Page 88 and 89: Weather-Related and Other Reliabili
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Page 92 and 93: Electricity TS&D Vulnerabilities Va
Page 94 and 95: Distribution hardening projects are
Page 96 and 97: Although pipelines above and below
Page 98 and 99: Safety and Methane Emissions from G
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Page 102 and 103: Natural Gas Infrastructure Dependen
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Page 114 and 115: Liquid Fuel TS&D Dependencies on El
Page 116 and 117: Results from an Argonne National La
Page 118 and 119: QER Recommendations (continued) Sup
Page 120 and 121: QER Recommendations (continued) Ana
Page 124 and 125: 31. The Climate Institute. “Water
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Page 132 and 133: Chapter III MODERNIZING THE ELECTRI
Page 134 and 135: The Electric Grid in Transition The
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Page 150 and 151: technical experts to develop a set
Page 152 and 153: Table 3-2. Taxonomy of Utility Busi
Page 154 and 155: Figure 3-6. Select Electricity Juri
Page 156 and 157: QER Recommendations The Administrat
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Page 160 and 161: RECOMMENDATIONS IN BRIEF: Modernizi
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Page 166 and 167: Chapter IV MODERNIZING U.S. ENERGY
Page 168 and 169: A Broad and Collective View of Ener
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Changing Global and Domestic Oil Ma
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QER Recommendations SPR MODERNIZATI
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Biofuels and TS&D Infrastructure Is
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QER Recommendations TS&D INFRASTRUC
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The United States and Canada share
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Endnotes 1. Foreign Affairs, Trade
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Chapter V IMPROVING SHARED TRANSPOR
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Increased Use of Shared Transport I
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There are several reasons for this
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Congestion and Competition among Co
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Coal Transportation by Rail Coal re
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Ethanol Transportation by Rail Etha
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QER Recommendations RAIL TRANSPORT
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Figure 5-6. Annual Refinery Receipt
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Funding mechanisms for maintaining
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Inland shippers that want to move a
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DOT reports that connecting roads t
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Uncertainty in U.S. Coal Exports U.
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capacities of 1.5 MW to 2.5 MW, 103
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QER Recommendations PORTS, HARBORS
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QER Recommendations (continued) MOD
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Endnotes 1. Department of Agricultu
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39. Quadrennial Energy Review Analy
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75. Army Corps of Engineers, Planni
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111. Department of Energy. “Wind
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Chapter VI INTEGRATING NORTH AMERIC
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Benefits of North American Energy S
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TS&D infrastructure already plays a
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for electric transmission facilitie
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35, 36 Figure 6-5. U.S. Natural Gas
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pumped hydropower storage could pro
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QER Recommendations NORTH AMERICAN
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Administration Activities and Plans
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Risk and Resilience in the Caribbea
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QER Recommendations CARIBBEAN ENERG
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Endnotes 1. Molburg, J.C., J.A. Kav
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35. Energy Information Administrati
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Chapter VI: Integrating North Ameri
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Chapter VII: Addressing Environment
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Chapter VIII: Enhancing Employment
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Chapter IX: Siting and Permitting o
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9-26 QER Report: Energy Transmi
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Chapter X: Analytical and Stakehold
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND UNITS APE - Ar
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