LVXXU

Recommendations

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Preface: List of Figures Figure 3-5. Different State Approaches to Energy Efficiency......................................................................................................3-19 Figure 3-6. Select Electricity Jurisdictions.....................................................................................................................................3-23 Figure 4-1. Trends in U.S. Use of Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Electricity, 2011–2040............................................................4-4 Figure 4-2. Highlighted Pipeline Reversals and Expansions Accommodating Increased Domestic and Canadian Supply..........................................................................................................................................................................4-5 Figure 4-3. U.S. Hydrocarbon Gas Liquid Exports.......................................................................................................................4-10 Figure 4-4. Yearly Ethanol and Biodiesel Production, 2001–2013..............................................................................................4-11 Figure 5-1. Originated Class I Railcars of U.S. Crude Oil (2009–2014, Quarterly)...................................................................5-4 Figure 5-2. Crude Oil by Train Loading (red) and Offloading (green) and Rail-to-Barge (yellow) Facilities for 2010 and 2013................................................................................................................................................................5-6 Figure 5-3.Class I Railroad Commodities, Percentage by Weight and Gross Revenue (2013).................................................5-7 Figure 5-4. Coal-Fired Power Plants Supplied by the Powder River Basin.................................................................................5-9 Figure 5-5. Monthly U.S. Coal Stockpile Levels at Electric Power Plants, 2009–2014 ............................................................5-10 Figure 5-6. Annual Refinery Receipts of Domestic Crude Oil by Barge....................................................................................5-15 Figure 5-7. Inland Waterborne Shipments by Commodity, 2012...............................................................................................5-17 Figure 5-8. Hours of Lock Unavailability on U.S. Inland Waterways, 2000–2014....................................................................5-18 Figure 5-9. Calcasieu River Ship Channel, Illustration (not to scale) of Authorized Dimensions and Example Conditions Where Shoaling Occurs....................................................................................................................................................................5-20 Figure 5-10. U.S. Coal Exports by Destination..............................................................................................................................5-23 Figure 5-11. Transport of Large Wind Turbine Blade..................................................................................................................5-25 Figure 6-1. North American Energy Flows......................................................................................................................................6-4 Figure 6-2. Canadian Oil Production and Consumption, 2004–2015.........................................................................................6-5 Figure 6-3. Canadian Natural Gas Production, Domestic Demand, and Net Available Exports through 2035....................6-6 Figure 6-4. Mexico’s Oil Production and Consumption................................................................................................................6-8 Figure 6-5. U.S. Natural Gas Exports to Mexico.............................................................................................................................6-9 Figure 7-1. 2012 GHG Emissions from Natural Gas Production, Processing, Transmission, Storage, and Distribution.....7-8 Figure 7-2. Total Emissions Abatement Potential (million metric tons CO2-equivalent per year).........................................7-9 Figure 7-3. Criteria Air Pollutant and Precursor Emissions from Stationary TS&D Facilities in 2011 ...............................7-13 Figure 7-4. Air Emissions from the Transportation of Coal and Liquid Fuels, by Transport Mode.....................................7-15 Figure 7-5. Quantities of Energy Transported by Mode (other than pipeline) in 2012, by Fuel Type and Accounting for Distance Traveled (metric ton-miles per year)..............................................................................................................................7-16 Figure 7-6. Panel A: Estimated Monetized Benefits of Reductions in PM 2.5 and PM 2.5 Precursors. Panel B: Estimated Annual Mean PM 2.5 Levels Attributable to Aircraft, Locomotives, and Marine Vessels in 2016............................................7-17 x QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015
Figure 7-7. Conditions Affecting Liquid Fuels Spill Severity......................................................................................................7-20 Figure 7-8. Current CO 2 -EOR Operations and Infrastructure...................................................................................................7-24 Figure 8-1. Workforce Age Distribution in the Electric and Natural Gas Utilities by Percentage of Total Employees.........8-4 Figure 8-2. Age Distribution of Select Transportation Workers (2014).......................................................................................8-6 Figure 10-1. Inputs to the QER........................................................................................................................................................10-2 QER Report: Energy Transmission, Storage, and Distribution Infrastructure | April 2015 xi
Page 1 and 2: QUADRENNIAL ENERGY REVIEW: ENERGY T
Page 3 and 4: Preface In June 2013, through the P
Page 5 and 6: Presidential Memorandum The White H
Page 7 and 8: (xx) the Small Business Administrat
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface..........
Page 11: LIST OF FIGURES Figure SPM-1. Age b
Page 15 and 16: Summary TRANSFORMING U.S. ENERGY IN
Page 17 and 18: same systems (e.g., ports and railw
Page 19 and 20: Aging Infrastructure and Changing R
Page 21 and 22: Actions taken in the first term of
Page 23 and 24: Figure SPM-3. Billion-Dollar Disast
Page 25 and 26: Key Findings Mitigating energy disr
Page 27 and 28: Recommendations in Brief To continu
Page 29 and 30: The potential range of new transmis
Page 31 and 32: Improve grid communication through
Page 33 and 34: Undertake a study of the relationsh
Page 35 and 36: • Doubling the size of the Inland
Page 37 and 38: Key Findings The United States has
Page 39 and 40: Promote Caribbean energy TS&D infra
Page 41 and 42: Recommendations in Brief Improve qu
Page 43 and 44: • Developing curricula and certif
Page 45 and 46: (2) the Fish and Wildlife Service I
Page 47 and 48: Table SPM-2. Examples of Federal Me
Page 50 and 51: Chapter I INTRODUCTION This chapter
Page 52 and 53: The requirements that this TS&D inf
Page 54 and 55: Increases in U.S. Oil and Natural G
Page 56 and 57: Increased Deployment of Renewable E
Page 58 and 59: Figure 1-3. Percent Change in Retai
Page 60 and 61: Climate Science The key conclusions
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Figure 1-7. Change in Annual Averag
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Other actions to deploy low-carbon
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Figure 1-8. Historic and Projected
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Government can build and incentiviz
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Notes: 1. Analyses were conducted w
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Organization of the Remainder of th
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Endnotes 1. Edison Electric Institu
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39. Energy Information Administrati
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Chapter II INCREASING THE RESILIENC
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The Importance of Resilient, Reliab
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Figure 2-1. Illustration of Tornado
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Continued increases in extreme weat
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Weather-Related and Other Reliabili
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Drought is also problematic. In 201
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Electricity TS&D Vulnerabilities Va
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Distribution hardening projects are
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Although pipelines above and below
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Safety and Methane Emissions from G
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Indianapolis’ in 2013 (see Figure
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Natural Gas Infrastructure Dependen
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• The changing geography of natur
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ose to greater than $34 per million
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NE MN IA MO WI IL MI IN KY TN OH Gr
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Vulnerability of Fuel Supply Disrup
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Figure 2-8. Earthquake Vulnerabilit
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Liquid Fuel TS&D Dependencies on El
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Results from an Argonne National La
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QER Recommendations (continued) Sup
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QER Recommendations (continued) Ana
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Endnotes 1. Government Accountabili
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31. The Climate Institute. “Water
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63. Global Climate Change Research
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131. Quadrennial Energy Review Anal
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Chapter III MODERNIZING THE ELECTRI
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The Electric Grid in Transition The
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esources, including central station
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demand; and the costs of alternativ
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In the Southwest, transmission buil
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Pumped hydro storage currently repr
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Resilience investments can require
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Communication with Customer Devices
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and maintenance of the interconnect
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technical experts to develop a set
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Table 3-2. Taxonomy of Utility Busi
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Figure 3-6. Select Electricity Juri
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QER Recommendations The Administrat
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QER Recommendations (continued) Coo
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RECOMMENDATIONS IN BRIEF: Modernizi
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48. North American Electric Reliabi
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Chapter IV MODERNIZING U.S. ENERGY
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A Broad and Collective View of Ener
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States was forecast to become highl
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Changing Global and Domestic Oil Ma
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QER Recommendations SPR MODERNIZATI
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Biofuels and TS&D Infrastructure Is
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QER Recommendations TS&D INFRASTRUC
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The United States and Canada share
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Endnotes 1. Foreign Affairs, Trade
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Chapter V IMPROVING SHARED TRANSPOR
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Increased Use of Shared Transport I
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There are several reasons for this
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Congestion and Competition among Co
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Coal Transportation by Rail Coal re
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Ethanol Transportation by Rail Etha
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QER Recommendations RAIL TRANSPORT
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Figure 5-6. Annual Refinery Receipt
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Funding mechanisms for maintaining
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Inland shippers that want to move a
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DOT reports that connecting roads t
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Uncertainty in U.S. Coal Exports U.
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capacities of 1.5 MW to 2.5 MW, 103
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QER Recommendations PORTS, HARBORS
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QER Recommendations (continued) MOD
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Endnotes 1. Department of Agricultu
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39. Quadrennial Energy Review Analy
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75. Army Corps of Engineers, Planni
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111. Department of Energy. “Wind
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Chapter VI INTEGRATING NORTH AMERIC
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Benefits of North American Energy S
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TS&D infrastructure already plays a
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for electric transmission facilitie
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35, 36 Figure 6-5. U.S. Natural Gas
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pumped hydropower storage could pro
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QER Recommendations NORTH AMERICAN
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Administration Activities and Plans
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Risk and Resilience in the Caribbea
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QER Recommendations CARIBBEAN ENERG
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Endnotes 1. Molburg, J.C., J.A. Kav
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Chapter VI: Integrating North Ameri
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Chapter VII: Addressing Environment
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Chapter VIII: Enhancing Employment
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Chapter IX: Siting and Permitting o
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9-26 QER Report: Energy Transmi
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Chapter X: Analytical and Stakehold
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND UNITS APE - Ar
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LVXXU

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