Great Ideas of Philosophy

More documents

Recommendations

Info

B. When one contrasts the arguments in The Federalist Papers with the dominating political treatises of thetime—Locke or Montesquieu or Rousseau—the obvious difference is that one set of arguments is actuallythe template for a national government. This is the main reason the so-called “American experiment” hasbeen repeated often and successfully by newer sovereign states over the past two centuries.C. Though the contributors to The Federalist did not cite well-known philosophers of their time and before,they were well read in political science and political philosophy, as well as in world history and law.1. The writers recognized their audience to be a various, large, and pluralistic community of a personswhose support and allegiance depended on specific arguments confronting specific criticisms.2. There is simply no anticipation of this in the record of political philosophy.D. The three authors of The Federalist published 85 essays in New York newspapers between October 1787and April 1788 under the name Publius.1. Alexander Hamilton planned the project and contributed the largest share, followed closely byMadison. Jay’s contribution was slight in number of pages but addressed important points.2. James Madison, more than any other of the delegates, earns the praise for giving Americans theirConstitution. A graduate of Princeton, Madison brought to The Federalist not only an educationsteeped in the Scottish common sense philosophy but also a wealth of political experience.III. Did we get a republic? What is a republic?A. Madison says that a political regime is a republic only when the government’s power is derived entirelyfrom the people and “administered by persons holding their offices during pleasure, for a limited period, orduring good behavior.”1. Nothing in this is new or controversial. But Madison observes that history shows the closer somethingcomes to that sense of a republic, the sooner it dies.2. The republics that seem to make it are what he refers to as a kind of puritanical republic.B. John Adams was behind that view of republics. He said that only “pure religion or austere morals” will becapable of holding a republican form of government together.C. With these concerns at the forefront, Madison distinguishes between pure democracies, subject to thefactionalism that leads to anarchy, and the right sort of republic, in which power is delegated by the people.D. The nearly paralyzing tension, of course, arises from the need for a central government that is able tosecure the finances and defense of the nation and the jealously guarded freedoms of the individual states.IV. The Bill of Rights: Was it necessary?A. A remarkable feature of the Convention of 1787, which drafted the Constitution, is that it specificallyrefused to incorporate a Bill of Rights. The omission was a deliberate act based on vitally importantunderstandings.B. A self-governing people should decide what its own rights are—to list them is to limit them.C. The federal government should not trump the communities that compose the federation: The people ofMaryland or New York have formed self-governing communities based on their own views of their rights.D. You have no need of federal guarantees of your rights against your local community: Its laws andprinciples are your own, and you need no defense against it.V. The lesson taught by Montesquieu was that there are at base only three types of government:A. A despotism rules by will, and in it, the people must cultivate reverential fear.B. A monarchy, with rule by law in the hands of a single person, calls for the cultivation of honor.C. A republic depends on the cultivation of virtue. Power must be separated lest its concentration convert therepublic into a tyranny.1. We find this in the Stoic outlook of Washington and many of the other founders—the recognition thatthe republic will succeed, because we have the resources to create and preserve lives of virtue and selfsacrifice.2. Power in this new republic (as the founders of the American Republic believed) would come to betaken by a natural aristocracy that would arise when the free exercise of virtue is permitted andencouraged.26©2004 The Teaching Company Limited Partnership
VI. The Federalist Papers and the grand experiment in self-governance mark a special chapter in human history, achapter in which there would be a convergence of political, scientific, and moral energies capable ofoverturning the old order by which most of life was shaped. But the signal feature of the enterprise was thedirect, open, respectful address to the people, an attempt to gain support by appealing to the common sense andmature political understanding of those who, in virtue of being fit for the rule of law, are fit to rule themselves.Recommended Reading:McDonald, F. Novus Ordo Seclorum. University Press of Kansas, 1985.Rossiter, C. The Federalist Papers. Anchor, 1963.Questions to Consider:1. Explain whether the “checks and balances” of the Constitution have worked according to plan.2. Conclude whether the national government is still (or ever was) formed by election of those abundant in virtueand merit.©2004 The Teaching Company Limited Partnership 27
Page 3 and 4:
Daniel N. Robinson, Ph.D.Philosophy
Page 6 and 7:
Lecture OneFrom the Upanishads to H
Page 8 and 9:
E. The Upanishads would merge us wi
Page 10 and 11:
2. Despite their oracles, priests,
Page 12 and 13:
4. Looking at geometry, we are told
Page 15 and 16:
E. The contribution of pre-Socratic
Page 17 and 18:
of the mystery of earth itself impe
Page 19 and 20:
Lecture SixHerodotus and the Lamp o
Page 21 and 22:
Lecture SevenSocrates on the Examin
Page 23 and 24:
Xenophon. Memorabilia. Cornell Univ
Page 25 and 26:
II. A philosopher is engaged in the
Page 27 and 28:
Lecture NineCan Virtue Be Taught?Sc
Page 29 and 30:
Lecture TenPlato’s Republic⎯Man
Page 31 and 32:
Annas, J. “Classical Greek Philos
Page 33 and 34:
III. The dominant school of Greek m
Page 35 and 36:
1. Epistemonikon is a special featu
Page 37 and 38:
Timeline800-600 B.C.E. ............
Page 39 and 40:
1705...............................
Page 41 and 42:
1873...............................
Page 43 and 44:
Functionalism: The view that consci
Page 45 and 46:
Tabula rasa: A blank slate. In the
Page 47 and 48:
progress in one of its most summoni
Page 49 and 50:
John Locke (1632-1704): Physician a
Page 51:
The Great Ideas ofPhilosophy, 2 nd
Page 54 and 55:
Table of ContentsThe Great Ideas of
Page 56 and 57:
Lecture ThirteenAristotle on Friend
Page 58 and 59:
C. Aristotle is recovering the Home
Page 60 and 61:
III. The problem of conduct is then
Page 62 and 63:
C. The Stoic account relies on the
Page 64 and 65:
Lecture SixteenThe Stoic Bridge to
Page 66 and 67:
Recommended Reading:Bede. A History
Page 68 and 69:
III. Roman law successfully permitt
Page 70 and 71:
Lecture EighteenThe Light Within⎯
Page 72 and 73:
B. Augustine approaches the problem
Page 74 and 75:
B. Very early, the Islamic commitme
Page 76 and 77:
Lecture TwentySecular Knowledge⎯T
Page 78 and 79:
IV. The third great institutional c
Page 80 and 81:
1. Scholasticism was an attempt to
Page 82 and 83:
Lecture Twenty-TwoScholasticism and
Page 84 and 85: E. Further, to the intellectual vir
Page 86 and 87: historical volumes tell Florentines
Page 88 and 89: Lecture Twenty-FourLet Us Burn the
Page 90 and 91: 1. First, the courts required a doc
Page 92 and 93: 650-850 C.E. ......................
Page 94 and 95: 1794...............................
Page 96 and 97: Apatheia: Freedom from pathos and s
Page 98 and 99: ut cannot know what it is. Ultimate
Page 100 and 101: Biographical NotesAeschylus (525-45
Page 102 and 103: Claude Adrien Helvetius (1715-1771)
Page 104 and 105: Socrates (c. 469-399 B.C.): Greek p
Page 107 and 108: Daniel N. Robinson, Ph.D.Philosophy
Page 109 and 110: Scope:The Great Ideas of Philosophy
Page 111 and 112: B. This expansion, however, does no
Page 113 and 114: 1. This standard essentially rules
Page 115 and 116: Lecture Twenty-SevenNewton⎯The Sa
Page 117 and 118: Lecture Twenty-EightHobbes and the
Page 119 and 120: Recommended Reading:Hobbes, T. Levi
Page 121 and 122: B. Other things can be known to be
Page 123 and 124: Lecture ThirtyNo Matter? The Challe
Page 125 and 126: Lecture Thirty-OneHume and the Purs
Page 127 and 128: Lecture Thirty-TwoThomas Reid and t
Page 129 and 130: efore him were not always faithful
Page 131 and 132: 2. His Letters on the English makes
Page 133: Lecture Thirty-FourThe Federalist P
Page 137 and 138: III. Kant argues that there is some
Page 139 and 140: Lecture Thirty-SixMoral Science and
Page 141 and 142: Questions to Consider:1. A hypothet
Page 143 and 144: 650-850 C.E. ......................
Page 145 and 146: 1794...............................
Page 147 and 148: Apatheia: Freedom from pathos and s
Page 149 and 150: ut cannot know what it is. Ultimate
Page 151 and 152: Biographical NotesAeschylus (525-45
Page 153 and 154: Claude Adrien Helvetius (1715-1771)
Page 155: Socrates (c. 469-399 B.C.): Greek p
Page 159 and 160: Daniel N. Robinson, Ph.D.Philosophy
Page 161 and 162: Scope:The Great Ideas of Philosophy
Page 163 and 164: C. Though his system would be mocke
Page 165 and 166: 1. There is nothing in the physics
Page 167 and 168: F. To include Hegel within the trad
Page 169 and 170: Lecture FortyThe Aesthetic Movement
Page 171 and 172: insisted that our very character is
Page 173 and 174: III. Nietzsche was an admirer and o
Page 175 and 176: B. In the final state, we’re all
Page 177 and 178: Lecture Forty-ThreeDarwin and Natur
Page 179 and 180: 2. There is room for altruism but o
Page 181 and 182: 1. He is a Hegelian who stands Hege
Page 183 and 184: Lecture Forty-FiveThe Freudian Worl
Page 185 and 186:
B. How can repressed elements be un
Page 187 and 188:
III. What figures in the human imag
Page 189 and 190:
Lecture Forty-SevenWilliam James’
Page 191 and 192:
Questions to Consider:1. Conclude w
Page 193 and 194:
III. As long as we subscribe to a
Page 195 and 196:
Timeline800-600 B.C.E. ............
Page 197 and 198:
1705...............................
Page 199 and 200:
1873...............................
Page 201 and 202:
Functionalism: The view that consci
Page 203 and 204:
Tabula rasa: A blank slate. In the
Page 205 and 206:
progress in one of its most summoni
Page 207 and 208:
John Locke (1632-1704): Physician a
Page 209:
The Great Ideas ofPhilosophy, 2 nd
Page 212 and 213:
Table of ContentsThe Great Ideas of
Page 214 and 215:
Lecture Forty-NineAlan Turing in th
Page 216 and 217:
C. Searle thinks that the missing i
Page 218 and 219:
3. Even activities could be simulat
Page 220 and 221:
B. The inclination to classify is a
Page 222 and 223:
Lecture Fifty-TwoPhilosophy of Scie
Page 224 and 225:
V. These debates illustrate a far l
Page 226 and 227:
1. The two had in common the idea t
Page 228 and 229:
Questions to Consider:1. What does
Page 230 and 231:
C. Locke and others emphasized that
Page 232 and 233:
Lecture Fifty-FiveWhat Makes a Prob
Page 234 and 235:
B. Kant suggests that the moral law
Page 236 and 237:
1. Proponents have argued that so m
Page 238 and 239:
Lecture Fifty-SevenOn the Nature of
Page 240 and 241:
2. So far as it can coexist with th
Page 242 and 243:
3. Slavery is commonplace in all of
Page 244 and 245:
3. Does the just-war theorist have
Page 246 and 247:
B. The quadrivium comprised arithme
Page 248 and 249:
2. He argues that the former is pre
Page 250 and 251:
1. The objects of the knowable worl
Page 252 and 253:
etween a world of beauty and one of
Page 254 and 255:
⎯⎯⎯. On Free choice of Will.
Page 256 and 257:
Herodotus. The Persian Wars. G. Raw
Page 258:
———. Toward a Science of Huma
show all

Great Ideas of Philosophy

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?