Great Ideas of Philosophy

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Questions to Consider:1. What does a “descriptive science of behavior” leave out?2. Can any science be “purely” descriptive?3. Is science the right home for psychology?16©2004 The Teaching Company Limited Partnership
Lecture Fifty-FourPhilosophy of Mind, If There Is OneScope: Philosophy of mind, though a wide ranging subject, is heavily influenced by the mind/body problem andby methods and perspectives shaped by the position one takes on that problem. The principal grounds ofdisagreement within philosophy of mind center on the question of whether the right framework forconsidering issues is provided by the developed sciences or through more humanistic and, some wouldcontend, realistic frameworks. Arguments favoring the former are often tied to an ontological monismadmitting of only one kind of “stuff” comprising reality, and that a physical or material kind. Thiscommitment may still result in a dualistic language but for reasons of convenience or convention. Relatedissues arise from the thesis that knowledge of the external world is always mediated by perceptualmechanisms and, thus, is never direct. Rather, the external world is “represented” in a manner that altersthe reality thus represented. In any case, what is known and knowable on this account is exhausted by thematerial physical facts of reality. The famous “Mary problem” is a challenge to this and raises the generalquestion of perceptual qualia and their place (if any) with a reductionistic and physicalistic philosophy ofpsychology.OutlineI. Descartes drew a sharp distinction between himself as a thinking thing—res cogitans—and as an extendedthing—res extensa—drawing criticism from the likes of Thomas Hobbes and Pierre Gassendi.A. Both would surely have agreed with the broad scientific perspective according to which the physicalsciences are “complete.”1. That term refers to the view that nothing in the domain of the “really real” falls outside the realm ofthe “really physical,” of physics.2. In other words, reality is not composed of two radically different kinds of stuff but of one kind only—the physical.B. This position is referred to as ontological monism and stands in opposition to ontological dualism.1. For the ontological monist, there is but one kind of furniture in reality.2. For the ontological dualist, there are two; the dualist adds the mental to the physical.3. Were the latter position to be correct, it is argued that physics would be “incomplete,” because its lawsand principles do not account for this other immaterial, non-physical aspect or part of reality.C. The ontological monist can retain mentalistic terms and concepts as a form of “folk” psychology.1. For practical purposes, it may be impossible to conduct normal social and personal lives without thisage-old language of mental states and mental events.2. Donald Davidson dubbed this use of language anomalous monism: a recognition both of the validity ofontological monism and the fact that our mentalistic terms and concepts will never be reduced tophysical events and processes.II. The position one takes on the mind/body problem is likely—either implicitly or explicitly—to inform positionstaken on a far wider range of issues within the philosophy of mind.A. The mere appearance of mentalistic terms and concepts will shape the more general approaches toproblems in philosophy of mind.B. The problem of representation is a central part of the problem of knowledge and an enduring issue inphilosophy of mind.1. At the most fundamental ontological level, our experiences of the external world are complexarrangements of matter and energy.2. We might ask whether we or a honeybee—whose vision is sensitive to an electromagnetic spectrum towhich we are essentially blind—more accurately “represents” the properties of roses and lilies.3. Thus , the question of representation can be stated: Is our knowledge of objects in the external worlddirect or mediated?©2004 The Teaching Company Limited Partnership 17
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Daniel N. Robinson, Ph.D.Philosophy
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Lecture OneFrom the Upanishads to H
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E. The Upanishads would merge us wi
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2. Despite their oracles, priests,
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4. Looking at geometry, we are told
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E. The contribution of pre-Socratic
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of the mystery of earth itself impe
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Lecture SixHerodotus and the Lamp o
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Lecture SevenSocrates on the Examin
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Xenophon. Memorabilia. Cornell Univ
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II. A philosopher is engaged in the
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Lecture NineCan Virtue Be Taught?Sc
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Lecture TenPlato’s Republic⎯Man
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Annas, J. “Classical Greek Philos
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III. The dominant school of Greek m
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1. Epistemonikon is a special featu
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Timeline800-600 B.C.E. ............
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1705...............................
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1873...............................
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Functionalism: The view that consci
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Tabula rasa: A blank slate. In the
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progress in one of its most summoni
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John Locke (1632-1704): Physician a
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The Great Ideas ofPhilosophy, 2 nd
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Table of ContentsThe Great Ideas of
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Lecture ThirteenAristotle on Friend
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C. Aristotle is recovering the Home
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III. The problem of conduct is then
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C. The Stoic account relies on the
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Lecture SixteenThe Stoic Bridge to
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Recommended Reading:Bede. A History
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III. Roman law successfully permitt
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Lecture EighteenThe Light Within⎯
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B. Augustine approaches the problem
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B. Very early, the Islamic commitme
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Lecture TwentySecular Knowledge⎯T
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IV. The third great institutional c
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1. Scholasticism was an attempt to
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Lecture Twenty-TwoScholasticism and
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E. Further, to the intellectual vir
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historical volumes tell Florentines
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Lecture Twenty-FourLet Us Burn the
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1. First, the courts required a doc
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650-850 C.E. ......................
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1794...............................
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Apatheia: Freedom from pathos and s
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ut cannot know what it is. Ultimate
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Biographical NotesAeschylus (525-45
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Claude Adrien Helvetius (1715-1771)
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Socrates (c. 469-399 B.C.): Greek p
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Scope:The Great Ideas of Philosophy
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B. This expansion, however, does no
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1. This standard essentially rules
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Lecture Twenty-SevenNewton⎯The Sa
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Lecture Twenty-EightHobbes and the
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Recommended Reading:Hobbes, T. Levi
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B. Other things can be known to be
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Lecture ThirtyNo Matter? The Challe
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Lecture Thirty-OneHume and the Purs
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Lecture Thirty-TwoThomas Reid and t
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efore him were not always faithful
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2. His Letters on the English makes
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Lecture Thirty-FourThe Federalist P
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VI. The Federalist Papers and the g
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III. Kant argues that there is some
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Lecture Thirty-SixMoral Science and
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Questions to Consider:1. A hypothet
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650-850 C.E. ......................
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1794...............................
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Apatheia: Freedom from pathos and s
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ut cannot know what it is. Ultimate
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Biographical NotesAeschylus (525-45
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Claude Adrien Helvetius (1715-1771)
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Socrates (c. 469-399 B.C.): Greek p
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Scope:The Great Ideas of Philosophy
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C. Though his system would be mocke
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1. There is nothing in the physics
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F. To include Hegel within the trad
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Lecture FortyThe Aesthetic Movement
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insisted that our very character is
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III. Nietzsche was an admirer and o
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B. In the final state, we’re all
Page 177 and 178: Lecture Forty-ThreeDarwin and Natur
Page 179 and 180: 2. There is room for altruism but o
Page 181 and 182: 1. He is a Hegelian who stands Hege
Page 183 and 184: Lecture Forty-FiveThe Freudian Worl
Page 185 and 186: B. How can repressed elements be un
Page 187 and 188: III. What figures in the human imag
Page 189 and 190: Lecture Forty-SevenWilliam James’
Page 191 and 192: Questions to Consider:1. Conclude w
Page 193 and 194: III. As long as we subscribe to a
Page 195 and 196: Timeline800-600 B.C.E. ............
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Page 199 and 200: 1873...............................
Page 201 and 202: Functionalism: The view that consci
Page 203 and 204: Tabula rasa: A blank slate. In the
Page 205 and 206: progress in one of its most summoni
Page 207 and 208: John Locke (1632-1704): Physician a
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Page 212 and 213: Table of ContentsThe Great Ideas of
Page 214 and 215: Lecture Forty-NineAlan Turing in th
Page 216 and 217: C. Searle thinks that the missing i
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Page 220 and 221: B. The inclination to classify is a
Page 222 and 223: Lecture Fifty-TwoPhilosophy of Scie
Page 224 and 225: V. These debates illustrate a far l
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Page 230 and 231: C. Locke and others emphasized that
Page 232 and 233: Lecture Fifty-FiveWhat Makes a Prob
Page 234 and 235: B. Kant suggests that the moral law
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Page 238 and 239: Lecture Fifty-SevenOn the Nature of
Page 240 and 241: 2. So far as it can coexist with th
Page 242 and 243: 3. Slavery is commonplace in all of
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Page 250 and 251: 1. The objects of the knowable worl
Page 252 and 253: etween a world of beauty and one of
Page 254 and 255: ⎯⎯⎯. On Free choice of Will.
Page 256 and 257: Herodotus. The Persian Wars. G. Raw
Page 258: ———. Toward a Science of Huma
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