Great Ideas of Philosophy

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ut cannot know what it is. Ultimately, our knowledge claims must be utterly bounded by the pure intuitions of timeand space and the pure categories of the understanding.Ontology: The study of what really exists, one of the key questions central to the concept of metaphysics.Philosophy: The rational pursuit of truths deemed to be answers to perennial questions, as well as a historical studyof intractable problems; literally, the love of wisdom.Phrenology: A Victorian-era science of character divination, faculty psychology, and brain theory derived from theViennese physician Franz Joseph Gall’s system, which held that the surface of the skull could be read as an accurateindex of an individual’s psychological aptitudes and tendencies.Phronesis: Greek term for practical wisdom or prudence; the application of good judgment to human conduct, incontrast with the more theoretical inquiry leading to sophia, or wisdom generally.Phusis: Greek, “nature.”Physiognomy: The study of the shape and configuration of a person’s face to determine his or her character andintelligence.Pluralism: The philosophical doctrine that reality consists of several basic substances or elements.Polis: Life within a settled community, in which one participates and from which one draws lessons for life.Positivism: A form of empiricism that bases all knowledge on perceptual experience, rather than on intuition orrevelation.Pragmatism: The doctrine that practical consequences are the criteria of knowledge, meaning, and value.Providential: The mode of causation employed by God, according to Hellenistic philosophy. The cosmos is createdand ordered by a perfect rational entity, whose knowledge is also perfect. The creative entity takes an interest in itscreation.Pyrrhonism: An early Greek form of Skepticism.Pythagorean theorem: One of the earliest theorems known to ancient civilizations; named for the Greekmathematician and philosopher Pythagoras. The Pythagorean theorem states: “The area of the square built upon thehypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the areas of the squares upon the remaining sides.”Res cogitans/res extensa: The metaphysical dualism on which the Cartesian philosophical system rests. Rescogitans is God and the human soul; res extensa is the corporeal world.Revelation: An enlightening or astonishing disclosure. Also, communication of knowledge to man by a divine orsupernatural agency.Romanticism: A movement in literature, art, and intellectual thought during the late 18 th and early 19 th centuriesthat celebrated nature rather than civilization and valued imagination and emotion over rationality.Sophia: Greek, “wisdom.”Sophists: Greek philosophers who showed complete indifference to the problems of the world of matter andcentered their efforts on man. But man can be an object of study in his sense knowledge, as well as in the moreprofound world of reason. The Sophists stopped at the data of experience—at empirical, not rational, knowledge—and from this point of view, they wished to judge the world of reality.Stoics: Greek philosophers whose worldview was one of a rationally governed universe of material entities, eachanswering to its controlling principle and, thus, participating in the overall cosmic logos. In its most developedform, Stoicism takes the lawfulness of the cosmos as the model on which human life is to proceed. The rule of lawis the defining mark of our humanity, according to this philosophy.Sturm und Drang: German; “storm and stress.” Romanticism perceived this evolutionary struggle that producesnew and better things not predictable in a mechanistic view.Superego: According to Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis, one of the three parts that make up the self.The superego is purported to represent our conscience and counteract the id with moral and ethical thoughts.40©2004 The Teaching Company Limited Partnership
Tabula rasa: A blank slate. In the Lockean view, the condition of the human mind at birth.Teleia philia: Perfected or completed friendship, the aims of which do not go outside the friendship itself.Teleology: The philosophical study of purpose; a doctrine that assumes the phenomena of organic life, particularlythose of evolution, are explicable only by purposive causes and that they in no way admit of a mechanicalexplanation or one based entirely on biological science.Tetraktys: In Pythagorean philosophy, the sacred integers: 1, 2, 3, and 4.Thomistic theory of law: Philosophical approach predicated on what is taken to be good for man, given thecharacter of human nature. As “an ordinance of reason,” law gives and honors good reasons for certain actions andgood reasons for forbearing to act in certain ways. An action is good when it is in accord with the basic goods. Adesire is bad when its fulfillment is in defiance of good reasons for action.Turing machine: An algorithm—not a machine as such—that translates any input signal into a determinate output.Ubermensch: Friedrich Nietzsche’s concept of the “superman,” an exemplar of self-creation who is free from theinfluence of the general populace.Unconscious motivation: Concept central to Sigmund Freud’s theories of human behavior; the idea that thesubconscious portion of the mind plays a larger role in determining behavior than does the conscious portion.Upanishads: Pre-philosophical Hindu morality tales that address questions of knowledge, conduct, and governance.©2004 The Teaching Company Limited Partnership 41
Page 3 and 4: Daniel N. Robinson, Ph.D.Philosophy
Page 6 and 7: Lecture OneFrom the Upanishads to H
Page 8 and 9: E. The Upanishads would merge us wi
Page 10 and 11: 2. Despite their oracles, priests,
Page 12 and 13: 4. Looking at geometry, we are told
Page 15 and 16: E. The contribution of pre-Socratic
Page 17 and 18: of the mystery of earth itself impe
Page 19 and 20: Lecture SixHerodotus and the Lamp o
Page 21 and 22: Lecture SevenSocrates on the Examin
Page 23 and 24: Xenophon. Memorabilia. Cornell Univ
Page 25 and 26: II. A philosopher is engaged in the
Page 27 and 28: Lecture NineCan Virtue Be Taught?Sc
Page 29 and 30: Lecture TenPlato’s Republic⎯Man
Page 31 and 32: Annas, J. “Classical Greek Philos
Page 33 and 34: III. The dominant school of Greek m
Page 35 and 36: 1. Epistemonikon is a special featu
Page 37 and 38: Timeline800-600 B.C.E. ............
Page 39 and 40: 1705...............................
Page 41 and 42: 1873...............................
Page 43: Functionalism: The view that consci
Page 47 and 48: progress in one of its most summoni
Page 49 and 50: John Locke (1632-1704): Physician a
Page 51: The Great Ideas ofPhilosophy, 2 nd
Page 54 and 55: Table of ContentsThe Great Ideas of
Page 56 and 57: Lecture ThirteenAristotle on Friend
Page 58 and 59: C. Aristotle is recovering the Home
Page 60 and 61: III. The problem of conduct is then
Page 62 and 63: C. The Stoic account relies on the
Page 64 and 65: Lecture SixteenThe Stoic Bridge to
Page 66 and 67: Recommended Reading:Bede. A History
Page 68 and 69: III. Roman law successfully permitt
Page 70 and 71: Lecture EighteenThe Light Within⎯
Page 72 and 73: B. Augustine approaches the problem
Page 74 and 75: B. Very early, the Islamic commitme
Page 76 and 77: Lecture TwentySecular Knowledge⎯T
Page 78 and 79: IV. The third great institutional c
Page 80 and 81: 1. Scholasticism was an attempt to
Page 82 and 83: Lecture Twenty-TwoScholasticism and
Page 84 and 85: E. Further, to the intellectual vir
Page 86 and 87: historical volumes tell Florentines
Page 88 and 89: Lecture Twenty-FourLet Us Burn the
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1794...............................
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Apatheia: Freedom from pathos and s
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ut cannot know what it is. Ultimate
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Biographical NotesAeschylus (525-45
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Claude Adrien Helvetius (1715-1771)
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Socrates (c. 469-399 B.C.): Greek p
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Daniel N. Robinson, Ph.D.Philosophy
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Scope:The Great Ideas of Philosophy
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B. This expansion, however, does no
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1. This standard essentially rules
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Lecture Twenty-SevenNewton⎯The Sa
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Lecture Twenty-EightHobbes and the
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Recommended Reading:Hobbes, T. Levi
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B. Other things can be known to be
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Lecture ThirtyNo Matter? The Challe
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Lecture Thirty-OneHume and the Purs
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Lecture Thirty-TwoThomas Reid and t
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efore him were not always faithful
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2. His Letters on the English makes
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Lecture Thirty-FourThe Federalist P
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VI. The Federalist Papers and the g
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III. Kant argues that there is some
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Lecture Thirty-SixMoral Science and
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Questions to Consider:1. A hypothet
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650-850 C.E. ......................
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1794...............................
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Apatheia: Freedom from pathos and s
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ut cannot know what it is. Ultimate
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Biographical NotesAeschylus (525-45
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Claude Adrien Helvetius (1715-1771)
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Socrates (c. 469-399 B.C.): Greek p
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Daniel N. Robinson, Ph.D.Philosophy
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Scope:The Great Ideas of Philosophy
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C. Though his system would be mocke
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1. There is nothing in the physics
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F. To include Hegel within the trad
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Lecture FortyThe Aesthetic Movement
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insisted that our very character is
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III. Nietzsche was an admirer and o
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B. In the final state, we’re all
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Lecture Forty-ThreeDarwin and Natur
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2. There is room for altruism but o
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1. He is a Hegelian who stands Hege
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Lecture Forty-FiveThe Freudian Worl
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B. How can repressed elements be un
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III. What figures in the human imag
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Lecture Forty-SevenWilliam James’
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Questions to Consider:1. Conclude w
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III. As long as we subscribe to a
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Timeline800-600 B.C.E. ............
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1705...............................
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1873...............................
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Functionalism: The view that consci
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Tabula rasa: A blank slate. In the
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progress in one of its most summoni
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John Locke (1632-1704): Physician a
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The Great Ideas ofPhilosophy, 2 nd
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Table of ContentsThe Great Ideas of
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Lecture Forty-NineAlan Turing in th
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C. Searle thinks that the missing i
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3. Even activities could be simulat
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B. The inclination to classify is a
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Lecture Fifty-TwoPhilosophy of Scie
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V. These debates illustrate a far l
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1. The two had in common the idea t
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Questions to Consider:1. What does
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C. Locke and others emphasized that
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Lecture Fifty-FiveWhat Makes a Prob
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B. Kant suggests that the moral law
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1. Proponents have argued that so m
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Lecture Fifty-SevenOn the Nature of
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2. So far as it can coexist with th
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3. Slavery is commonplace in all of
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3. Does the just-war theorist have
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B. The quadrivium comprised arithme
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2. He argues that the former is pre
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1. The objects of the knowable worl
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etween a world of beauty and one of
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⎯⎯⎯. On Free choice of Will.
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Herodotus. The Persian Wars. G. Raw
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———. Toward a Science of Huma
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