Conservation agriculture Tanzania_casestudy.pdf - Sokoine ...

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package being introduced should consider crop–livestock integration. Thesecatch words should be considered: locally available resources, intensification,diversification, local interest, and livelihood improvement.• Policy analysis and advocacy of conservation agriculture technologiesshould be undertaken to ensure the inclusion of conservation agricultureobjectives in national agricultural and environmental policies; wheneverpossible, each district should have an agricultural resource centre dealingwith conservation agriculture technologies, inputs and implements.Encourage conservation agriculture programmes, not projects• Whenever possible conservation agriculture packages should give simplehighlights to small-scale farmers about marketing their produce—offeringonly products of high quality, sorting and grading, sending samples todifferent markets, maximizing yields per unit area, advertising, avoidingfarm-gate prices, promoting marketing, working in production groups tomaximize economies of scale, advocating favourable changes in agriculturaldevelopment policy, carrying out cost-benefit analysis to judge which cropto produce, processing, storing and adding value, finding alternative useof the agricultural products, producing in a timely manner to maximizeopportunities afforded when there is scarcity, and producing under contract.• Participatory conservation agriculture bylaws should be established to ensurethe enforcement of existing environmental bylaws, which can promote thewide and fast adoption of conservation agriculture technologies. Localauthorities should be given more mandate in bylaw enforcement aftercreating awareness to the communities about what ought to be done.• Innovation needs to be upscaled by increasing the number of new conservationagriculture practitioners and ensuring full adoption of all conservationagriculture practices—no till, permanent cover and crop rotation.• Many farmers have realized the importance of applying conservationagriculture technologies in their fields, but the big problem facing themis poverty, which reflects low purchasing power for agricultural inputsand implements. It is important for any project or institution facilitatingconservation agriculture technologies to make sure it can link community tocredit agents or establish saving and credit societies.• The community-based approach should be encouraged so that neighbourswho will not abide by the principles of conservation agriculture will notjeopardize the achievement of individual households. The area may besubcatchment or subvillage, where land should be set aside for conservationagriculture practices, hoping with time they will spread to other areas.• Reports, posters and other informational materials on conservationagriculture should be translated into local languages in simple phrases and beavailable in Swahili, to be used by facilitators and farmers. Currently manyconservation agriculture reading materials are available only in English.96 Ringo et al.
• With the introduction of conservation agriculture in the existing formerpractices of soil and water conservation, it is important to consider thepractices that promote rainfall capture in the soil (on-the-spot rainwaterharvesting) before considering those that aim to control runoff. In all casesthey should be complementary in a sequence, not competing alternatives.• Communities need more awareness of the importance of observing bylawsand regulations to achieve sustainable development. Capacity of goodgovernance at village and ward level is of great importance in ensuring thatbylaws and regulations are enforced.• Farmers should be facilitated to improve their land husbandry, thus providinga more effective response than efforts to combat soil erosion and fertilityimprovement alone.ReferencesBishop-Sambrook C, Kienzle J, Mariki W, Owenya M, Ribeiro F. 2004. Conservation agricultureas a labour-saving practice for vulnerable households: a study of the suitability of reduced tillage and covercrops for households under labour stress in Babati and Karatu Districts, northern Tanzania. Rome:International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and the Food and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations (FAO).COPEC. 2003. Comprehensive participatory environmental conservation (COPEC) throughcatchment and farming systems approach in Karatu District. Project proposal facilitatedby Research, Community and Organizational Development Associates (RECODA) onbehalf of Mazingira Bora Karatu. Arusha: Mazingira Bora Karatu, Box 10633.Douwe J, Kessler JJ. 1997. Towards better use of environmental resources: a planningdocument for Mbulu and Karatu Districts, Tanzania.Elwell H, Brunner E, Mariki W. 1998. Recommendations on the adoption of minimumand conservation tillage in Tanzania. Conservation Tillage for Dryland FarmingTechnological Options and Experiences in Eastern and Southern Africa, Report No. 3.Nairobi: RELMA.[FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2000. Soil conservation andmanagement for small farms: strategies and methods of introduction, technologies and equipment. FAOSoil Bulletin 77. Rome: FAO.[FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2001. Conservationagriculture: case studies in Latin America and Africa. FAO Soil Bulletin 78. Rome: FAO.[HPT] Heifer Project Tanzania. 2002. Annual report 2002. Arusha: HPT.[KDC] Karatu District Council. 2001. NAEP II annual progress report for 2001, plan andbudget for 2002/2003. Karatu, Tanzania: KDC.Kurtz G, Twomlow S. 2003. Weed management in conservation tillage systems. African ConservationTillage Network Information Series No 8. Harare: ACT.Lyimo SD, Owenya M. 2002. Impact assessment of HIV/AIDS on agriculture in Garu and Mang’olavillage in Karatu,Tanzania. Catholic Relief Services.Mariki W. 2003. The impact of conservation tillage and cover crops on soil fertility and cropproduction in Karatu and Hanang Districts of northern Tanzania. Tanzania FarmersService Centre. TFSC Technical Report 1999–2003. Arusha: TFSC/GTZ.Meindertsman JD, Kessler JJ, eds. 1997. Towards better use of environmental resources: a planningdocument of Mbulu and Karatu Districts, Tanzania. Netherlands Economic Institute.Mkoga ZJ, Mkomwa S, Mwakimbwala R. 2001. Conservation tillage research in thesouthern highlands of Tanzania: highlights, challenges and future direction. In: ProceedingsKaratu District 97
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ContentsPreface ...................
Page 10:
Full conservation agriculture, howe
Page 13 and 14:
February 2005, which made possible
Page 16 and 17:
Table B. Key characteristics of cas
Page 18:
Overemphasis on field-scale, techni
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Arumeru DistrictCatherine W. Maguzu
Page 28 and 29:
8 Gaps and challenges .............
Page 30 and 31:
Executive summaryA case study of co
Page 32 and 33:
It has shown increase in yields, re
Page 34 and 35:
The case study teamThe local team w
Page 36 and 37:
NgorongoroKageraMaraMonduliArumeruM
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MarketsThe urban centres are Kikati
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middle-aged, who migrate to towns t
Page 42 and 43:
4 Conservation agriculture historyI
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maize, pigeon pea, and lablab seeds
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herbicide was completely abandoned
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Most of the implements, except the
Page 50 and 51:
6 Adapting and diffusing conservati
Page 52 and 53:
villages with eight farmers (Mwalle
Page 54 and 55:
ecognition and enforcement of the b
Page 56 and 57:
Table 3. Labour for conservation ag
Page 58 and 59:
Timeliness in irrigating a farm is
Page 60 and 61:
to rehabilitate his land by constru
Page 62 and 63:
Land tenureSmall-scale farmers will
Page 64 and 65:
and handling herbicides should be d
Page 66 and 67:
Appendix 1Conservation agriculture
Page 68 and 69:
Organization Activities Methods to
Page 70 and 71: Appendix 3Lablab and mucuna seed di
Page 73: Karatu DistrictDominick E. Ringo, C
Page 76 and 77: 10 Benefi ts and effects of conserv
Page 78 and 79: Karatu acknowledgementsWe are very
Page 80 and 81: Forces driving for adoption of cons
Page 82 and 83: Despite the soundness of conservati
Page 84 and 85: NgorongoroKageraMaraMonduliArumeruM
Page 86 and 87: TemperatureTemperature decreases wi
Page 88 and 89: Most of the surface and underground
Page 90 and 91: crop does not store well. But when
Page 92 and 93: used to attend to AIDS sufferers an
Page 94 and 95: Erosion is now considered responsib
Page 96 and 97: Traditional methods of soil conserv
Page 98 and 99: Tanzania Association of ForestersAc
Page 100 and 101: Tanganyika Farmers AssociationAchie
Page 102 and 103: History of conservation agriculture
Page 104 and 105: what is feasible is to intercrop, w
Page 106 and 107: to connect experiences from differe
Page 108 and 109: mainly cover crop practices were ad
Page 110 and 111: Alfred’s neighbour Cornel has bee
Page 112 and 113: study tours, organizing farmer fiel
Page 114 and 115: Socio-economic and process aspectsW
Page 116 and 117: abreast of information. Information
Page 118 and 119: availability of agriculture credit,
Page 122 and 123: of a planning workshop on conservat
Page 124 and 125: Organiza tionRIDEP (1980-1984)Natio
Page 126 and 127: Organiza tionMazingira BoraKaratu (
Page 128 and 129: Appendix 3 Estates in Karatu Distri
Page 131 and 132: ContentsAbbreviations .............
Page 133 and 134: AbbreviationsARIAgricultural Resear
Page 135 and 136: 1 IntroductionOver 80% of the peopl
Page 137 and 138: 3 MethodMbeya was selected as a cas
Page 139 and 140: Table 1. Agricultural characteristi
Page 141 and 142: Three agricultural officers serve t
Page 143 and 144: egin until the first rains. Maize y
Page 145 and 146: Table 4. Conservation agriculture r
Page 147 and 148: slasher, machete and billhook (nyen
Page 149 and 150: Farmers were advised to slash the c
Page 151 and 152: technical support. Trial treatments
Page 153 and 154: In the latest FARM Africa project,
Page 155 and 156: Crop yieldsNineteen farmers in Wang
Page 157 and 158: Changes in costs and incomeThe aver
Page 159 and 160: • Farmers proposed that to improv
Page 161 and 162: 10 Gaps and challengesDespite the s
Page 163 and 164: 12 Recommendations• While some be
Page 165 and 166: Appendix 1 Selected farmer profiles
Page 167 and 168: No. Farmer name M/F Age(yrs)Fam ily
Page 169 and 170: Appendix 3Intervention detailsIniti
Page 171 and 172:
Conservation agriculture technology
Page 173 and 174:
Land degradation due to soil erosio
Page 175 and 176:
Banana crop with mucuna as a cover
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Types of soil cover: lablab plus ma
Page 179 and 180:
The pigeon pea crop has been left o
Page 181 and 182:
Demonstrating conservation agricult
Page 183:
Transferring crop residue for lives
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