Conservation agriculture Tanzania_casestudy.pdf - Sokoine ...

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Agropastoralist villages have developed land-use plans that designate settlement,cropping and grazing areas. Grazing is done on communal village lands and, laterin the season, on crop residue in individual farmer’s fields. Isolated fields in grazingareas would need to be fenced; livestock is not expected to graze in cropped fields.This is normally done with consent of the host farmer. However, permission is notsought when herds from neighbouring villages invade farms, particularly during thedrier months of October and November. Mshewe Ward is on a stock route from theMjele livestock market to Mbalizi town. Cover crops and crop residues on farmson these routes ‘get stolen’ and are consumed by livestock overnight. Awarenesscampaigns or enacting bylaws to prevent free-range grazing and bush fires tomaintain soil cover should be done by the ward or division and should involve asmany stakeholders as possible.Farmers in both wards have no tradition of conserving livestock feed for the dryseason. Conservation agriculture benefits greatly when local, renewable energysources, including draught power from cattle and donkeys, are used to pullimplements. But poorly fed work animals are weak and incapable of working morethan three hours at a time at the beginning of the rainy season, when they areneeded to produce maximum power.6 Conservation agriculture work in Mbeya andNjombeConservation agriculture technology that included mulch and cover crop soil coverand ripping were introduced in the southern highlands of Tanzania in 1999 afteran ARI Uyole researcher, Mr R. Shetto, visited Brazil. Before that, ARI Uyolehad extensively used the research station and farms to research and develop soiland water conservation structures, ridges, tied ridges, subsoiling, contour bundsand terraces, with no emphasis on soil cover. The study tour to Brazil was part ofthe World Bank support to the Tanzania Soil Fertility Initiative that was about tobe launched. The visit was to build capacity in the research and advisory serviceswithin the zone.Since 1999, ARI Uyole widened the geographical coverage of conservationagriculture trials and promotions from two to 18 villages. Conservation agriculturehas been broadened, involving more stakeholders and addressing as manycomponents of conservation agriculture as possible. Permanent soil cover, rotatingcrops and direct sowing or reduced tillage with the ripper are now addressed as apackage rather than individually (table 4).Unfortunately, many interventions lasted only three years or less and fundinghas been limited, usually less than 20% of budgets. It is preferable to know whatresources are available when a project is planned to enable stakeholders to chooseeither a low-funded approach with longer time frames or highly funded effort withshorter-term results. Local district councils need to be involved and commit fundsfor research and promotion. Links and transitions from one project to another havenot been smooth.120 Mkomwa et al.
Table 4. Conservation agriculture research, development and promotions in Mbeya and Njombe DistrictsDuration Institution Financier Technology Areas Remarks1998– ARI Uyole TARP II – MAFS ridges, tied ridges, ripping Wanging’ombe and Rujewa villages structures only, no2003and World Bank (animal traction)soil cover2000–2001Njombe districtextension offi cerand districtexecutive director2001 Mbeya districtextension offi cerand districtexecutive director2001–20032001–20022004–20062004–2006ARI Uyole–SoilFertility InitiativeARI Uyole andSokoine Universityof AgricultureARI Uyole, Njombeand Sumbawangadistrict executivedirectors, SEAZ,Caritas, DSWTDistrict extensionoffi cer Mbeya, ARIUyoleHifadhi yaMazingira IringaNAEP/WorldBank forSOFRAIP(PADEP)TARP IISUA–Norad andMAFScover crop screening, covercrop planting time, crop mixland-use management;agroforestry for soil fertility,fi rewood, erosion control,improved charcoal stovesripping and herbicide weedcontrolcover crops, ripping, jabplanter, direct seedingameliorating hardpansagroforestry with tree seedand shrub nurseries, improvedfallows, relay croppingon-station at ARI Uyole best cover cropsdetermined foragroecological zoneand mixKanamalenga, Ufwala, Luduga, Banawanu,Mpululu, Igelango, Udonja, Ujange, KorinthoNjelenje and Mshewe villages in MbeyaDistrict3 villages in Njombe District:Kisilo, Kanamalenga, Wanging’ombe3 villages in Mbeya District:Njelenje, Mapogoro, SongweSix villages in Njombe District:Luduga, Kanamalenga, Lyadebwe,Wanging’ombe, Ufwala, Mayalecompleteconservationagriculture package toeach farmerridges, tied ridges, ripping Mayale and Kisilo villages, Njombe District ripping preferred,unsuccessful on soilcoverFARM Africa ripping, cover crops, croprotationsFAO and MAFS(TCP/URT/3002)cover crops, zero or reducedtillage, crop rotations2 villages in Njombe District: Mayale, Utiga2 villages in Sumbawanga: Matai, Mbuza9 villages in Mbeya District: Mjele,Mapogoro, Njelenje, Muvwa, Mshewe,Itimba, Mwashiwawala, Songwe, Iyawayaox weedingencouraged duringtransition phasecompleteconservationagriculture packageMbeya District 121
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ContentsPreface ...................
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Full conservation agriculture, howe
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February 2005, which made possible
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Table B. Key characteristics of cas
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Overemphasis on field-scale, techni
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Arumeru DistrictCatherine W. Maguzu
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8 Gaps and challenges .............
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Executive summaryA case study of co
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It has shown increase in yields, re
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The case study teamThe local team w
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NgorongoroKageraMaraMonduliArumeruM
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MarketsThe urban centres are Kikati
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middle-aged, who migrate to towns t
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4 Conservation agriculture historyI
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maize, pigeon pea, and lablab seeds
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herbicide was completely abandoned
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Most of the implements, except the
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6 Adapting and diffusing conservati
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villages with eight farmers (Mwalle
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ecognition and enforcement of the b
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Table 3. Labour for conservation ag
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Timeliness in irrigating a farm is
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to rehabilitate his land by constru
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Land tenureSmall-scale farmers will
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and handling herbicides should be d
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Appendix 1Conservation agriculture
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Organization Activities Methods to
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Appendix 3Lablab and mucuna seed di
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Karatu DistrictDominick E. Ringo, C
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10 Benefi ts and effects of conserv
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Karatu acknowledgementsWe are very
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Forces driving for adoption of cons
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Despite the soundness of conservati
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NgorongoroKageraMaraMonduliArumeruM
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TemperatureTemperature decreases wi
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Most of the surface and underground
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crop does not store well. But when
Page 92 and 93:
used to attend to AIDS sufferers an
Page 94 and 95: Erosion is now considered responsib
Page 96 and 97: Traditional methods of soil conserv
Page 98 and 99: Tanzania Association of ForestersAc
Page 100 and 101: Tanganyika Farmers AssociationAchie
Page 102 and 103: History of conservation agriculture
Page 104 and 105: what is feasible is to intercrop, w
Page 106 and 107: to connect experiences from differe
Page 108 and 109: mainly cover crop practices were ad
Page 110 and 111: Alfred’s neighbour Cornel has bee
Page 112 and 113: study tours, organizing farmer fiel
Page 114 and 115: Socio-economic and process aspectsW
Page 116 and 117: abreast of information. Information
Page 118 and 119: availability of agriculture credit,
Page 120 and 121: package being introduced should con
Page 122 and 123: of a planning workshop on conservat
Page 124 and 125: Organiza tionRIDEP (1980-1984)Natio
Page 126 and 127: Organiza tionMazingira BoraKaratu (
Page 128 and 129: Appendix 3 Estates in Karatu Distri
Page 131 and 132: ContentsAbbreviations .............
Page 133 and 134: AbbreviationsARIAgricultural Resear
Page 135 and 136: 1 IntroductionOver 80% of the peopl
Page 137 and 138: 3 MethodMbeya was selected as a cas
Page 139 and 140: Table 1. Agricultural characteristi
Page 141 and 142: Three agricultural officers serve t
Page 143: egin until the first rains. Maize y
Page 147 and 148: slasher, machete and billhook (nyen
Page 149 and 150: Farmers were advised to slash the c
Page 151 and 152: technical support. Trial treatments
Page 153 and 154: In the latest FARM Africa project,
Page 155 and 156: Crop yieldsNineteen farmers in Wang
Page 157 and 158: Changes in costs and incomeThe aver
Page 159 and 160: • Farmers proposed that to improv
Page 161 and 162: 10 Gaps and challengesDespite the s
Page 163 and 164: 12 Recommendations• While some be
Page 165 and 166: Appendix 1 Selected farmer profiles
Page 167 and 168: No. Farmer name M/F Age(yrs)Fam ily
Page 169 and 170: Appendix 3Intervention detailsIniti
Page 171 and 172: Conservation agriculture technology
Page 173 and 174: Land degradation due to soil erosio
Page 175 and 176: Banana crop with mucuna as a cover
Page 177 and 178: Types of soil cover: lablab plus ma
Page 179 and 180: The pigeon pea crop has been left o
Page 181 and 182: Demonstrating conservation agricult
Page 183: Transferring crop residue for lives
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