Conservation agriculture Tanzania_casestudy.pdf - Sokoine ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Table B. Key characteristics of case studies selected in AfricaCountry, region Climate / type of farmers Experience with CA Adoption status SupportiveprojectKenyaLaikipia Semi-arid highlands / small- and largescale,manual and animal tractionSiaya Humid lowland / small, vulnerablehouseholds, manual agricultureTanzaniaKaratu Semi-arid to sub-humid, highland /manual agricultureArumeru Semi-arid to sub-humid, manualagriculture, highly degraded soilsMbeya Semi-arid / smallholders, manual andanimal tractionGhanaBrong Ahafo,AshantiUgandaPallisa, Mbarara,MbaleZambiaSouthernProvinceRainforest transition / smallholders,purely manual agriculture> 10 yrs (large),2–3 years(smallholders)Growing adoption (large),incipient (smallholders)CA-SARDKenya3–5 years Incipient CA-SARDKenyaLate 1990s /early 2000Late 1990s /early 2000Incipient CA-SARDTanzaniaIncipient CA-SARDTanzaniaTeam leaderTom Apina, Paul Wamai,CA-SARDPhilip Mwangi, KennedyOtieno, CA-SARDDominick Ringo,RECODACatherine Maguzu,RECODAIncipient FAO-TCP Saidi Mkomwa, ARIUyole, TCP> 10–15 years Signifi cant but stagnant FAO-RAFA /RELMAPhilip Boahen,consultantHumid to sub-humid / smallholders 3–5 years Incipient FAO-TCP Paul Nyende,consultantSemi-arid / smallholders, manual andanimal traction> 10 years Large-scale, increasingadoptionCIRAD-WWF,ASPF. Baudron, CIRAD-WWF, H. Mwanza, ASPASP – Agricultural Support Project (Sida funded), Zambia; CA-SARD – Conservation Agriculture for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development (FAO, sponsoredby Germany), CIRAD – French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development; FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; FAO-RAFA– FAO Regional Offi ce for Africa; RECODA – Research, Community and Organizational Development Associates; RELMA – Regional Land Management Unit of the WorldAgroforestry Centre; SARI – Selian Agricultural Research Institute, Tanzania; TCP – Technical Cooperation Project (FAO sponsored); WWF – World Wide Fund for NatureConservation agriculture as practised in Tanzaniaxv
Soil coverProviding adequate soil cover is a cornerstone of conservation agriculture. Yet mostfarmers face great difficulties in achieving it. Farmers tend to collect residue orallow livestock herds to graze freely on crop residue. This may be an individualdecision, or it may be the result of agreements and traditions regulating therelationships between farmers and pastoralists, such as with the Maasai in northernTanzania. Producing enough biomass to cater for both adequate soil cover andlivestock demands is a challenge. Replacing a food legume used traditionally inintercropping (such as beans) by a cover crop (such as canavalia or mucuna) mightnot be attractive to a farmer whose primary objective is achieving food security. Thismay explain the success that Dolichos lablab is having with Kenyan and Tanzanianfarmers, as it is a multiple-purpose cover crop, able to provide food (both grain andleaves are edible), income, forage and soil cover.Weed controlWeed control remains a challenge, especially when farming is done manually. Asmost farmers do not manage to keep their soils adequately covered, reducing tillagetends to increase aggressive weed growth. Controlling weeds adequately, which iscritical to avoid crop failure, requires hoeing numerous times 8 or using herbicidessuch as glyphosate. For many farm families, neither option is feasible. Labourresources are scarce or expensive, or access to herbicides and sprayers is restricted.More efforts are definitely needed to identify suitable cover crops and to achieve soilcover if herbicide dependency is deemed undesirable.Equipment and inputsReduced tillage implements such as rippers and no-till seeders have been madeavailable to farmers on an experimental basis. Often implements are importedfrom Brazil. Farmers are also being helped to get specific inputs, such as herbicidesand cover crop seeds. Many farmers have restricted access to both implementsand inputs; thus they are likely to delay planting, which adversely affects yield andincome.Family labour is increasingly scarce. This situation should ultimately lead totechnologies such as reduced tillage systems, direct seeding technologies, herbicides,weed wipes or sprayers that save labour, although many farmers may not find themaccessible or affordable.Large-scale adoption of conservation agriculture practices requires a functioninginput supply chain. This means both private and public sectors must play a moreproactive role in developing local capacity for manufacturing and making availableappropriate implements and in devising innovative implement-sharing schemes(hire services, Laikipia) and adequate rural finance systems. Empowered farmersgroups are perceived as being the right entry point for making inputs and servicesavailable.8 For example, in southern Zambia conservation agriculture promoters recommendweeding four to six times.xviShetto, Owenya
Page 6: ContentsPreface ...................
Page 10: Full conservation agriculture, howe
Page 13 and 14: February 2005, which made possible
Page 18: Overemphasis on field-scale, techni
Page 26 and 27: Arumeru DistrictCatherine W. Maguzu
Page 28 and 29: 8 Gaps and challenges .............
Page 30 and 31: Executive summaryA case study of co
Page 32 and 33: It has shown increase in yields, re
Page 34 and 35: The case study teamThe local team w
Page 36 and 37: NgorongoroKageraMaraMonduliArumeruM
Page 38 and 39: MarketsThe urban centres are Kikati
Page 40 and 41: middle-aged, who migrate to towns t
Page 42 and 43: 4 Conservation agriculture historyI
Page 44 and 45: maize, pigeon pea, and lablab seeds
Page 46 and 47: herbicide was completely abandoned
Page 48 and 49: Most of the implements, except the
Page 50 and 51: 6 Adapting and diffusing conservati
Page 52 and 53: villages with eight farmers (Mwalle
Page 54 and 55: ecognition and enforcement of the b
Page 56 and 57: Table 3. Labour for conservation ag
Page 58 and 59: Timeliness in irrigating a farm is
Page 60 and 61: to rehabilitate his land by constru
Page 62 and 63: Land tenureSmall-scale farmers will
Page 64 and 65: and handling herbicides should be d
Page 66 and 67:
Appendix 1Conservation agriculture
Page 68 and 69:
Organization Activities Methods to
Page 70 and 71:
Appendix 3Lablab and mucuna seed di
Page 73:
Karatu DistrictDominick E. Ringo, C
Page 76 and 77:
10 Benefi ts and effects of conserv
Page 78 and 79:
Karatu acknowledgementsWe are very
Page 80 and 81:
Forces driving for adoption of cons
Page 82 and 83:
Despite the soundness of conservati
Page 84 and 85:
NgorongoroKageraMaraMonduliArumeruM
Page 86 and 87:
TemperatureTemperature decreases wi
Page 88 and 89:
Most of the surface and underground
Page 90 and 91:
crop does not store well. But when
Page 92 and 93:
used to attend to AIDS sufferers an
Page 94 and 95:
Erosion is now considered responsib
Page 96 and 97:
Traditional methods of soil conserv
Page 98 and 99:
Tanzania Association of ForestersAc
Page 100 and 101:
Tanganyika Farmers AssociationAchie
Page 102 and 103:
History of conservation agriculture
Page 104 and 105:
what is feasible is to intercrop, w
Page 106 and 107:
to connect experiences from differe
Page 108 and 109:
mainly cover crop practices were ad
Page 110 and 111:
Alfred’s neighbour Cornel has bee
Page 112 and 113:
study tours, organizing farmer fiel
Page 114 and 115:
Socio-economic and process aspectsW
Page 116 and 117:
abreast of information. Information
Page 118 and 119:
availability of agriculture credit,
Page 120 and 121:
package being introduced should con
Page 122 and 123:
of a planning workshop on conservat
Page 124 and 125:
Organiza tionRIDEP (1980-1984)Natio
Page 126 and 127:
Organiza tionMazingira BoraKaratu (
Page 128 and 129:
Appendix 3 Estates in Karatu Distri
Page 131 and 132:
ContentsAbbreviations .............
Page 133 and 134:
AbbreviationsARIAgricultural Resear
Page 135 and 136:
1 IntroductionOver 80% of the peopl
Page 137 and 138:
3 MethodMbeya was selected as a cas
Page 139 and 140:
Table 1. Agricultural characteristi
Page 141 and 142:
Three agricultural officers serve t
Page 143 and 144:
egin until the first rains. Maize y
Page 145 and 146:
Table 4. Conservation agriculture r
Page 147 and 148:
slasher, machete and billhook (nyen
Page 149 and 150:
Farmers were advised to slash the c
Page 151 and 152:
technical support. Trial treatments
Page 153 and 154:
In the latest FARM Africa project,
Page 155 and 156:
Crop yieldsNineteen farmers in Wang
Page 157 and 158:
Changes in costs and incomeThe aver
Page 159 and 160:
• Farmers proposed that to improv
Page 161 and 162:
10 Gaps and challengesDespite the s
Page 163 and 164:
12 Recommendations• While some be
Page 165 and 166:
Appendix 1 Selected farmer profiles
Page 167 and 168:
No. Farmer name M/F Age(yrs)Fam ily
Page 169 and 170:
Appendix 3Intervention detailsIniti
Page 171 and 172:
Conservation agriculture technology
Page 173 and 174:
Land degradation due to soil erosio
Page 175 and 176:
Banana crop with mucuna as a cover
Page 177 and 178:
Types of soil cover: lablab plus ma
Page 179 and 180:
The pigeon pea crop has been left o
Page 181 and 182:
Demonstrating conservation agricult
Page 183:
Transferring crop residue for lives
show all

Conservation agriculture Tanzania_casestudy.pdf - Sokoine ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?