Karatu acknowledgementsWe are very grateful to CIRAD (Centre de Cooperation Internationale enRecherche Agronomique pour le Développement), ACT (Africa <strong>Conservation</strong>Tillage), FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) and thegovernment of <strong>Tanzania</strong> for nominating RECODA (Research, Community andOrganizational Development Associates) and sponsoring this study. May BernardTriomphe, Martin Bwalya, Josef Kienzle and Richard Shetto receive our thankson behalf of the institutions they are representing. We appreciate the roles Bernardplayed in coordinating this study, for his guidance, encouragement, advice andconstructive criticism during the mid-term review.We give special thanks to Dr David Watson for his contribution in this work. Hevisited the study area to see the reality on the ground and gave constructive criticismand inputs, which enabled us to give this report shape.We extend our thanks to Karatu District Council, particularly the agriculturaldepartment, for its assistance during fieldwork and interviews. They were availablewhen needed and responded well to our questions. We appreciate the participationof farmers. Their dedication and free sharing of information contributed a lot tothis report. It is our hope that the results of this study will contribute meaningfullyto improving conservation <strong>agriculture</strong> technologies and practices.Many institutions agreed to be interviewed. We appreciate the participation ofNandra Engineering Moshi, Tanganyika Farmers Association, Karatu DevelopmentAgency, <strong>Tanzania</strong> Association of Foresters, Ngorongoro <strong>Conservation</strong> AreaAuthority, Heifer Project <strong>Tanzania</strong>, Centre for Agricultural Mechanization andRural Technology, <strong>Tanzania</strong> Engineering and Manufacturing Design Organization,Canadian Physicians for Aid and Relief, and Msituni Farm.54 Ringo et al.
Executive summaryA case study was undertaken to establish experience with conservation <strong>agriculture</strong> inKaratu District by documenting its practices, achievements, challenges and gaps, andfuture aspects of these technologies in the study area. The study employed a wide rangeof methods: literature review, interviews with key conservation <strong>agriculture</strong> stakeholders,field visits, participatory rural appraisal workshops and focus group discussions.For a long time in Karatu crop production by small-scale farmers has beenperforming poorly, primarily due to inadequate rainfall, shortage of labour, drudgerybecause of using inefficient implements like hand hoes, and declining soil fertility andproductivity due to nutrient mining, soil erosion, depletion of organic matter anddestruction of soil structure leading to the formation of hardpan. Climatic conditionshave become increasingly unpredictable; precipitation has become highly erraticand the area has been subject to increasingly longer dry periods. On-site effectsof soil erosion include the loss of fertile topsoil and large fluctuations in the flowof rivers and springs, leaving behind degraded terrain. Degraded land stores lesswater, making crops vulnerable to drought, and it has a serious negative effect onthe supply of water into Lakes Manyara and Eyasi. Off-site effects of soil erosioncause pollution of water bodies, sedimentation on farmlands, and physical damage tocrops and infrastructure. There is serious concern over the increase of sedimentationin Lake Manyara, which is reducing the water depth and exposing more water toevaporation. The environmental degradation in Lake Manyara National Park, oneof the famous tourist sites in <strong>Tanzania</strong>, may affect wildlife.Workforce for farming has been declining over time as many youth find the systemused by small-scale farmers tedious with little returns and opt either to migrate totowns or to remain jobless in the village, loitering and becoming a drunkard. TheHIV/AIDS epidemic has also affected the labour supply significantly.Among the conservation <strong>agriculture</strong> practices in use are subsoiling, that is, using aMagoye ripper to break hardpan. Direct seeding in planting is done with jab plantersor hand hoes while crop rotation with lablab and wheat is practised. Some indigenousconservation <strong>agriculture</strong> practices include planting pigeon pea and pumpkin as covercrops. Cover crops such as Dolichos lablab and Mucuna are intercropped or relayed withmaize as a main crop. Practices aimed at conserving soil include establishing contours,especially on sloping areas, and agroforestry techniques for soil and water conservation.The main driving force for introducing conservation <strong>agriculture</strong> principles wasthe need to increase yield per unit area as yield continued to decline year afteryear. Research findings revealed that soil productivity was the most limiting factorwhere soil hardpan and low organic matter disrupted the soil structure, ultimatelyresulting in low moisture-holding capacity and microbial activities. Conventionalmethods of cultivation and the use of inorganic fertilizers did not solve much.The conservation <strong>agriculture</strong> entry point in Karatu aimed at counteracting thedrought circumstances by using draught-animal power and ripping through tobreak the hardpan and at the same time instituting in situ rainwater harvesting,considered a labour-saving technology.Karatu District 55
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ContentsPreface ...................
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Full conservation agriculture, howe
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February 2005, which made possible
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Table B. Key characteristics of cas
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Overemphasis on field-scale, techni
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Arumeru DistrictCatherine W. Maguzu
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- Page 30 and 31: Executive summaryA case study of co
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- Page 34 and 35: The case study teamThe local team w
- Page 36 and 37: NgorongoroKageraMaraMonduliArumeruM
- Page 38 and 39: MarketsThe urban centres are Kikati
- Page 40 and 41: middle-aged, who migrate to towns t
- Page 42 and 43: 4 Conservation agriculture historyI
- Page 44 and 45: maize, pigeon pea, and lablab seeds
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- Page 56 and 57: Table 3. Labour for conservation ag
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- Page 62 and 63: Land tenureSmall-scale farmers will
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- Page 66 and 67: Appendix 1Conservation agriculture
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- Page 70 and 71: Appendix 3Lablab and mucuna seed di
- Page 73: Karatu DistrictDominick E. Ringo, C
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- Page 82 and 83: Despite the soundness of conservati
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- Page 86 and 87: TemperatureTemperature decreases wi
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- Page 92 and 93: used to attend to AIDS sufferers an
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- Page 106 and 107: to connect experiences from differe
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Appendix 3 Estates in Karatu Distri
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ContentsAbbreviations .............
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AbbreviationsARIAgricultural Resear
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1 IntroductionOver 80% of the peopl
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3 MethodMbeya was selected as a cas
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Table 1. Agricultural characteristi
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Three agricultural officers serve t
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egin until the first rains. Maize y
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Table 4. Conservation agriculture r
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slasher, machete and billhook (nyen
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Farmers were advised to slash the c
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technical support. Trial treatments
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In the latest FARM Africa project,
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Crop yieldsNineteen farmers in Wang
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Changes in costs and incomeThe aver
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• Farmers proposed that to improv
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10 Gaps and challengesDespite the s
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12 Recommendations• While some be
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Appendix 1 Selected farmer profiles
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No. Farmer name M/F Age(yrs)Fam ily
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Appendix 3Intervention detailsIniti
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Conservation agriculture technology
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Land degradation due to soil erosio
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Banana crop with mucuna as a cover
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Types of soil cover: lablab plus ma
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The pigeon pea crop has been left o
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Demonstrating conservation agricult
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Transferring crop residue for lives