Descriptive Psychopathology: The Signs and Symptoms of ...

47 Chapter 2: A history of psychiatric classification3 Thompson (1987), pages 1–2.4 Historians with a world view prefer the term “common era” or CE and “before thecommon era” or BCE to the Christian focused AD and BC.5 Berrios (1999); Craddock et al. (2006).6 There are other medical traditions. Ancient and recent Hindu medical tradition is voluminous,developing independently from the Greek, although reaching many similar conclusions.Older writings understood psychiatric disorders from a metaphysical perspective(Zilboorg, 1967, pp. 30–1). Arabian medicine offered familiar descriptions of severalpsychiatric syndromes. Avicenna (980–1037CE) described melancholia in great detail(Zilboorg, 1967, pp. 121–7). However, because Western thoughts about medical illnessand its treatments have come to dominate present thinking, the evolution of the classificationof psychiatric disease is presented from that perspective.7 Moss (1967).8 Deuteronomy 28:28 and John 10:20, respectively.9 Zilboorg (1967), pages 36–92.10 Barrough (1583).11 Moss (1967); Clarke (1975); medicine in India in the first millennium CE was also based ona theory of body humors in imbalance (Clarke 1975, p. 22).12 Flexner (1969), pages 456–63.13 Zilboorg (1967), pages 36–174.14 Clarke (1975), pages 31–8.15 Ibid., pages 41–5.16 Neugebauer (1979).17 Zilboorg (1967), pages 342–7; Eddy had some form of paraplegia that resolved followingtreatment by hypnosis (Pichot 1983, p. 61).18 Zilboorg (1967), page 123.19 Zilboorg (1967), page 200.20 Scull (1981), pages 274–7.21 James Baird, a British writer, is credited with re-introducing the term hysteria (Pichot,1983, p. 61).22 Shorter (1997), pages 84–6.23 Zilboorg (1967), pages 363–78; Pichot (1983), pages 66–8.24 Janet (1901).25 Janet (1907).26 Zilboorg (1967), pages 356–8; Freud also worked with Breuer.27 Shorter (1997), pages 138–40; also see discussion in Chapter 14 on normal personality.28 Zilboorg (1967), page 47; the uterus was considered to be untethered and when it movedupward toward the chest abdominal and respiratory symptoms emerged.29 Zilboorg (1967), page 92.30 Zilboorg (1967), pages 110, 130–3.31 Bromberg (1930).32 Cheyette and Cummings (1995).33 Zilboorg (1967), page 260.