Descriptive Psychopathology: The Signs and Symptoms of ...

250 Section 3: Examination domainsNOTES1 This quote is widely attributed to Ralph Gerard, a noted mid-twentieth-century neurophysiologist,but its exact citation has not been established.2 Patient 1.5 also illustrates a patient whose stroke and associated aphasia was attributed toher manic-depressive illness.3 Fluency of speech and fluency of ideas are different. The former is a speech function, thelatter is a cognitive function.4 Damasio and Damasio (2000).5 Hypergraphia, circumstantiality, hyposexuality, and pseudo-profundity (a superficial,stereotypic interest in science or philosophy) comprise the “Psychomotor Quartet” associatedwith chronic limbic system disease (Bear and Fedio, 1977; Mungas, 1982).6 Dysgraphia in Asian writers in the vertical has similar characteristics (Yin et al., 2005) asdoes dysgraphia of specialized script such as in stenography (Miceli et al., 1997).7 Berthier et al. (1988).8 Foreign accent syndrome has also been associated with lesions in the dominant frontal lobe(Berthier et al., 1991).9 Mertz and Ostergaard (2006).10 Ludlow and Loucks (2003).11 Bowie et al. (2004).12 Taylor (1972); Abrams and Taylor (1973).13 Bleuler (1976), pages 102–7.14 Fish (1967), page 37.15 Kraepelin (1976).16 Fish (1967).17 Jaspers (1963), page 209.18 Bleuler (1950), page 9.19 Bleuler (1950), page 14.20 Bleuler (1950), page 32.21 Bleuler (1976), page 710.22 Bleuler (1976), pages 374–5.23 Bleuler (1976), page 376.24 Bleuler (1950), page 17.25 Fink and Taylor (2003).26 Caplan et al. (2000); Goldstein et al. (2003); Vaever et al. (2005).27 Schizaphasia was considered associated with excitement, while cataphasia was thought to beassociated with reduced speech (Leonhard, 1979, p. 1103).28 Landre and Taylor (1995).29 Faber et al. (1983); Jampala et al. (1989); Caplan et al. (2000); Goldstein et al. (2003);Vaever et al. (2005); Lesson et al. (2005).30 Others use the term formal thought disorder to mean abnormal thinking as interpretedfrom the Rorschach test (Meloy, 1984) or as measured by specific cognitive assessment(Harrow et al., 2003).