Descriptive Psychopathology: The Signs and Symptoms of ...

194 Section 3: Examination domains83 Saint-Hilaire and Feldman (1992).84 Shefner (1992).85 Adams and Salam-Adams (1992).86 Dale et al. (2004).87 Bartzokis et al. (1999); Daras et al. (1994).88 Bonnet et al. (1998).89 Fenn et al. (1996).90 APA Task Force (1979).91 Wade et al. (1987).92 Tenback et al. (2007).93 Stubner et al. (2004).94 Teive et al. (2001). Chapter 12 discusses Gilles de La Tourette’s syndrome as a variant ofobsessive-compulsive disorder.95 Kurlan et al. (2002).96 Alsobrook and Pauls (2002).97 Ford (1989).98 Hammond (1883/1973, pp. 524–34).99 Schmahmann (2004); Varambally et al. (2006).100 Taylor (1991); Nopoulos et al. (1999); Ichimiya et al. (2001).101 Robertson (2004).102 Smith et al. (2005a).103 Vakil et al. (2004).104 Hermann et al. (2004).105 Roth et al. (2004).106 Mace and Trimble (1996); Krem (2004); Stone et al. (2005), in their extensive review,found 29% misdiagnosis in early studies but only 5% misdiagnosis in more recent reports.Attempts to delineate personality traits that predict non-epileptic seizures have not beensuccessful (Vanderzant et al., 1986).107 Stone et al. (2003).108 Slater (1965); Slater and Glithero (1965); Critchley (1950); Heilman et al. (1985).109 DSM-IV, p. 453.110 Duncan (1996).111 Dubois (1905, pp. 22–6).112 Venna and Sabin (1992).113 Pollmann et al. (2004).114 Primary gain is the presumed easing of intra-psychic tension from the behavior whilesecondary gain is the tangible gain from the behavior. Patient 4.1’s cerebellar motor signswere initially considered “psychogenic”. Her primary gain was the easing of tensionbetween her dependency and autonomy needs – the disease taking the decision out ofher hands. Her secondary gain was the attention she received from her doctors and nurses.115 Personal communication, Phil Lebowitz, MD.116 Stone et al. (2002).117 Slater (1965); Merskey and Buhrich (1975); Moene et al. (2000).