Descriptive Psychopathology: The Signs and Symptoms of ...

51 Chapter 2: A history of psychiatric classification110 Healy (2002); Ban et al. (2002).111 Nelson and Charney (1981).112 Sandifer et al. (1969); Spitzer and Fleiss (1974).113 Shorter (1997), pages 166–9.114 See Shorter and Healy (2007) for a detailed narrative of the history of convulsive therapies.115 Grob (1991); training in neuropsychiatry lasted 4months.116 Paula Clayton was the first appointed woman chair of a USA department of psychiatry(Minnesota in 1972). The number of women chairs has not substantially increased overthe ensuing three decades despite the fact that more than 50% of the entering medicalschool classes in recent years in the USA have been women. Presently there are 10(Atre Vaidya, 2006, personal knowledge as one of the 10).117 Shorter (1997), pages 172–82; the influence remains in subtle form. All psychiatricresidency training programs must still teach intensive, psychodynamic psychotherapy toremain accredited. Board certification examinations in psychiatry still require a workingknowledge of psychodynamic theory and practice. In contrast, the prescription and use ofECT is almost never examined and no residency program has ever been challenged for nottraining its residents in the use of ECT.118 Released in 1949 by 20th Century Fox.119 These images remain to the present despite the fact that only about 5% or so of psychiatristsin the USA engage in a traditional psychoanalytic practice. Television’s Tony Soprano seesan analyst for his panic disorder despite the fact that few present-day psychiatrists considerthe condition psychological. Troubled young film heroes turn to Robin Williams or JuddHirsch for relief, not to a character more typical of the modern medical practitioner.The French tradition illustrated by the writings of Henry Ey and Georges Lanteri-Laurablended philosophy into their ideas about psychiatric illness and have had minimalinfluence on the development of classification (Garrabe, 2005).120 Zinkin’s preface written in 1949 to the 1950 translation, Bleuler (1950).121 Shorter (1997), pages 229–38.122 Sierles and Taylor (1995).123 Andreasen (2007).124 Taylor and Abrams (1975b).125 Kasanin (1933).126 Taylor (1984, 1986).127 Langfeldt (1939).128 Stromgren (1974).129 McCabe (1975).130 Leonhard (1979).131 Schneider (1959).132 Taylor (1972).133 The DSM permits the presence of hearing voices or one “bizarre” delusion defined inSchneider’s terms as sufficient to warrant the diagnosis of schizophrenia. For studiesdemonstrating the prognostic implications of first rank symptoms see Taylor (1972);Taylor and Abrams (1973); Abrams and Taylor (1973, 1981).