Descriptive Psychopathology: The Signs and Symptoms of ...

106 Section 2: The neuropsychiatric evaluation3 Friedrich Beneke, a philosopher-psychologist at the University of Berlin, wrote about the“phenomenology of psychopathology” in 1824. He championed phenomenologic empiricismas a method for studying “psychic life”. He considered psychopathology as deviationsfrom the norm and foreshadowed Jung (Harms, 1967). Beneke’s influence remained withinGermany.4 Berrios (1993).5 Andreasen (2007).6 Mullen (2007).7 See Fink and Taylor (2003) for the evidence for neuroleptic malignant syndrome as a formof catatonia that requires treatment for catatonia to obtain maximal recovery.8 Tohen et al. (1992).9 Klein and Davis (1969).10 Fink and Taylor (2003) detail the risks of precipitating a malignant catatonia/neurolepticmalignant syndrome in catatonic patients by the administration of antipsychotic agents.11 He suffered from the Heidenhain variant of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (Kropp et al., 1999).12 Folstein et al. (1975).13 See Chapter 9.14 Ibid.15 The separation of form from content was not the concern of all psychopathologists. Bleulerdistinguished delusions seen in melancholia from those of dementia praecox by content(Bleuler, 1976, p. 92).16 Taylor (1999, chapter 10).17 Ibid., Chapter 10.18 Chapman (1966).19 Carmin et al. (2002); Pinto et al. (2006).20 Taylor and Fink (2006), chapters 6 and 12.21 Taylor and Fink (2006).22 Taylor and Fink (2006), chapter 6.23 Adapted from Fink and Taylor (2003), Patient 4.4.24 Emery and Oxman (1992).25 Fink and Taylor (2003).26 From Taylor and Fink (2006).27 Combination preparations are expensive and offer no dosing flexibility. Triavil preparationsonly provide adequate antidepressant dosing when the antipsychotic is overdosed.28 In the old-old, fever is not always present in NMS/malignant catatonia as well as in infection(Fink and Taylor, 2003).29 Modified from Ramsey (1999).