Descriptive Psychopathology: The Signs and Symptoms of ...

348 Section 3: Examination domains4 Prichard (1833).5 Shorter (2005), pages 213–14.6 Schneider (1950; 1959, pp. 15–28).7 Jung espoused the notion of a “collective unconscious”, a pattern of inborn predispositionscommon to all persons that derive from an ancestral source. The collective unconsciousshaped all behavior via ancestral memories or “archetypes”. Adler considered a universalstriving to compensate for basic inferiority feelings (the “inferiority complex”) as thesource of future behavior. Both eventually split with Freud professionally and personally.8 Ackroyd (2005); Bloom (1998).9 Pavlov (1941); Skinner (1948).10 Eysenck (1964).11 Eysenck and Rachman (1965).12 Wolpe (1958); Yates (1970).13 Hawton et al. (1989).14 Factor analysis is one of several statistical modeling methods. Others include clusteranalysis, latent class analysis and topological analysis. The mathematics is designed toaccess large amounts of data to extract meaningful patterns of data from “noise”. If apattern emerges (in factor analysis the pattern is referred to as a factor) its existence can berepeatedly tested in different samples until the image of the pattern is clarified. If a patternis clearly identified the likelihood of it being present by chance is slim and its presenceindicates an underlying process explaining it exists. The factor can then be validated byseeing if it predicts important variables.15 Catell’s relatively short temperament assessment scale is still in use.16 Humphrey and Dahlstrom (1995). The original MMPI was developed at the University ofMinnesota Hospitals and first published in 1942. The original authors of the MMPI wereStarke R. Hathaway, PhD, and J.C. McKinley, MD. The current standardized version foradults 18 and over, the MMPI-2, was released in 1989, with a subsequent revision of certaintest elements in early 2001. The MMPI-2 consists of 567 true or false questions, and takesseveral hours to complete. There is a short form of the test that comprises the first 370 itemson the long-form MMPI-2.17 Tyrer and Alexander (1979).18 Costa and McCrae (1985, 1992); Costa and Widiger (1994); Cloninger et al. (1994).19 Barret et al. (1995).20 Gray and McNaughton (2000).21 Cloninger (1991); Cloninger et al. (1993); O’Gorman et al. (2006).22 The Virginia Family Study has recruited over 30 000 participants. The Colorado adoptionproject is studying close to 500 families. The Swedish twin registry has close to 13 000twin pairs.23 Ploman and Bergeman (1991).24 Cloninger (1991).25 Bornstein (1998); Widiger and Samuel (2005).26 At the American Psychopathological Association Annual Meeting (1994) devoted to datadetailing the dimensional nature of personality, representatives for the DSM committee on