Descriptive Psychopathology: The Signs and Symptoms of ...

50 Section 1: Present, past, and futureConsistent with Kraepelin’s original formulation, the course of DSM schizophrenia issaid to be prolonged (>6months), eliciting some permanent loss of function. Also seeShorter (1997), pages 100–9.86 Kraepelin (1987), page 59.87 Kraepelin (1968).88 Kraepelin (1971), page 257.89 Kraepelin (1971), page 4.90 Kraepelin (1896).91 Bleuler (1976), page 54.92 Shorter (1997), pages 108–9.93 Cited in Pichot (1983), page 74.94 Jaspers (1963), page 567; Jaspers wrote the first edition of this seminal work bringing theprinciples of phenomenology to the field of psychopathology in 1913, when he was 30years old. Like many German psychiatrists, he fled the Nazis in 1937 and settled inSwitzerland.95 Burrows (1976, pp. 184–6) described in 1828 a 22-year-old woman on her honeymoonwho develops mania with catatonic features; it would be another 46 years until Kahlbaumdelineated catatonia.96 Kirby (1913).97 Fink and Taylor (2003).98 Taylor (1999), pages 271–5.99 Freud (1984); Abraham (1927).100 Scull (1981), pages 5–32.101 Shorter (1997), pages 162–3; also see note 61. The New Yorker magazine’s famous cartoonsillustrate the dominance of the psychoanalyst. Throughout its existence every New Yorkercartoon about psychiatry depicts a psychoanalyst. The image of a man (always) in acomfortable chair, legs crossed, pad and pencil in hand and a woman patient (almostalways) on the Freudian couch brings immediate recognition to the viewer (Mankoff, 2004).102 American Medico-Psychological Association and the National Committee for MentalHygiene, Statistical Manual for Use of Institutions for the Insane, New York (1918).103 APA (1952).104 American Psychiatric Association (1952). The formulation was modified in 1968 as theDSM-II.105 Hill (1907).106 As a counter to the success of ECT in relieving depressive illness, psychoanalysts theorizedthat the therapeutic effect was the result of the patient perceiving the treatment aspunishment and thus an atonement for their delusional guilt (MAT, personal trainingexperience).107 Braslow (1997); Lothar Kalinowsky, an émigré from Germany via Italy, introduced ECTinto the USA in 1940 (Shorter, 1997, p. 221).108 See Taylor and Fink (2006) for a discussion of the forms of depressive illness proposed torespond to different treatments.109 Klein (1989).