Descriptive Psychopathology: The Signs and Symptoms of ...

193 Chapter 7: Disturbances of motor functiona disconnection of their left hand from right frontal associational cortex control, and willshow left-hand sympathetic dyspraxia, termed sympathetic because the right hand is pareticor paralyzed (Kolb and Whishaw, 1996, pp. 345–50).52 Lamberti et al. (2002).53 Ovsiew (1997).54 Chapter 13 provides a detailed discussion of bedside cognitive testing.55 Kennard et al. (1994).56 Carter and Zee (1997).57 Gresty (1977).58 O’Driscoll et al. (1998).59 Thaker et al. (1996).60 Tien et al. (1996); Hutton et al. (2004).61 Tien et al. (1992); Gambini et al. (1993).62 Balint syndrome refers to optic ataxia in which visual cues interfere with movement,making the movements imprecise. Directed gaze is impaired. The syndrome is associatedwith right temporo-parietal–occipital junction lesions (Valenza et al., 2004).63 Clark and Albers (1995); Kiyosawa et al. (1996); Thomke and Hopf (1999).64 Al-Din et al. (1994).65 Serdaru et al. (1982).66 Fong (2005).67 Taylor (1999, chapter 10).68 Ronthal (1992).69 National Sleep Foundation, Washington D.C. “Sleep in America” poll 2005; Breslau et al.(1996).70 Benca et al. (1992).71 Arroyo et al. (2001).72 Antidepressant drugs also elicit myoclonus (Lemus and Lieberman, 1992).73 Montagna (2004); Arroyo et al. (2001).74 Montagna (2004); Phillips (2004).75 Pranzatelli (2003).76 Demirkiran and Jankovic (1995).77 Narcolepsy, a heritable disorder, is identified from the presence of DR15 (DR2) and DQ6(DQ1) human leukocyte antigen testing, low levels of hypocretin-1 in the spinal fluid, andfrom polysomnograms (Kobayashi et al., 2002).78 McCreadie et al. (2005).79 Bottin et al. (2005).80 Reduced muscle tone is associated with dementia. Such patients are slack-jawed, stooped,limp-limbed and shuffle when they walk.81 APA Task Force (1979); the incidence may be as high as 15% (Ballerini et al., 2002).82 Diphenhyramine, 50mg bolus IV, can quickly relieve most antipsychotic drug-inducedacute dystonias. Because the half-life of all antipsychotic drugs is longer than the half-lifeof diphenhyramine, several days of additional treatment with amantidine or benztropineare needed to prevent recurrence.