Descriptive Psychopathology: The Signs and Symptoms of ...

480 Indexobsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) (Cont.)body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) 303–304compulsive sexual behaviors 305–306Gilles de La Tourette’s syndrome (GTS)299–300hoarding 296hypochondriasis 304–305“impulse control disorders” 296–298and PANDAS 300–301and psychosis 298–299classification issues 388–390link to dysfunction in orbitofrontal circuits61–62OCD spectrum 293–295seen in animals 62obsessive–compulsive personality 306, 390, 393olfactory hallucinations 79–80, 260–261oneiroid state/syndrome 11, 138–139, 160Origins of Modern Psychiatry, The (Thompson) 22pain 264–266pain asymboly 297palilalia 162, 232palinacousis and palinopsia, functionalhallucinations 258PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatricdisorder associated with Streptococcusinfection) 300–301panic attack 217panoramic hallucinations 259parakinetic catatonia 161paramnesia (false memories) 285paranoia 284paranoid personality 359paraphasias, in and out-of-class 241–242paraphilia 305–306paraphrenia 284parasomnias, movements associatedwith 171–172parathymia 203–204parent–child relationships, helping to define the“big picture” 134–135paresthesia 260parietal lobe functions 65Parinaud’s syndrome 168Parkinson’s disease (PD), personality deviationsassociated with 361Parkinsonism 174paroxysmal dyskinesia 189–190passivity delusions 57, 278–279past experiencesimplications for present illness 125obtaining history of 125past-pointing (dysmetria) 178pathological crying and laughter 202pathological inertia 157pathological intoxication 222paucity of speech 231peduncular hallucinations 259Penfield, Wilder 258perceptual disturbances 253alterations in somatosensory experience 264–269associated with migraine 266–269further examination techniques 263–264hallucinations 76–80, 257–262neurology 76–78psychotic depression 215perceptual distortions 253–255psychosensory phenomena 255–257as a source of delusions 273perinatal depression, proposed reclassification asmelancholia 378–379periodic catatonia 160–161periodic limb repetitive flexion movements,dyssomnia 169–170periodic paralysis 188Perris, C. 387persecutory delusions 277diagnosing 97–98and paranoia 284psychological theories of 81–82perseveration 157perseveration of speech 233personality 332abnormal versus normal behaviors 351–352assessment of 338–340deviance without psychopathology 341effects of difficult circumstances 343bereavement 343–344body injury 346combat, torture and terrorism 347divorce 345–346natural disaster 346sexual trauma 346terminal illness 344–345empirical studiesearly 335recent 335–336frontal lobe personality, features of 360gender identity and sexual orientation 341homosexuality 341–342intersex 343transsexualism 342present-day image of normal 336–338theories ofhumoral theory 332learning theory 334phrenology and body type 332–333psychoanalytic theory 333–334psychopathic constitutions 333personality disordersassessment of, clinical importance of 364Cluster C observable behaviors 357–358due to illness or injury 358–361evidence-based re-classification of 391–393link with alcohol and drug use 361–363malingering and factitious disorder 363–364present classification of 354–358problems with 352–354proposed changes to 372–373phantageusia 261phantosmia 261