Descriptive Psychopathology: The Signs and Symptoms of ...

349 Chapter 14: PersonalityAxis II admitted the inconsistencies between the data and the plans for future DSMversions, but stated changes would be too difficult (personal observation of both authors).27 Roberts et al. (2006); Caspi et al. (2005).28 Clark (2005).29 Cloninger et al. (1993); Svrakic et al. (1993).30 Cloninger et al. (1994).31 Eysenck (1985).32 Costa and McCrae (1992).33 Cloninger et al. (1993); Svrakic et al. (1993).34 Silver and Davis (1991); Livesley et al. (1998).35 Allen and Levine (1968); Eisenman et al. (1968); Kirkcaldy and Siefen (1991).36 Torgersen (2005).37 Scarr and McCartney (1983).38 Ploman and Bergeman (1991); Cloninger (1991). The great variability of trait expressionsand the stability of these traits in the individual offered a great selective advantage forevolving humans. The individual variability within a small hominid group providedsubstantial flexibility of response to nature’s challenges. The constancy of personality onceformed offered intra-group stability.39 Nordeen and Yahr (1982); Meston et al. (2000); Korach (1994).40 Nordeen and Yahr (1982); Cohen-Bendhahan et al. (2005); Wilhelm et al. (2007).41 Allen et al. (2002, 2003). Structures identified are the preoptic area, suprachiasmaticnucleus, the interstitial nuclei of the hypothalamus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis,and the anterior commissure.42 Cohen-Bendhahan et al. (2005).43 Diamond and Watson (2004); Deeb et al. (2005).44 Marine birds and sheep are well-studied examples (Perkins et al., 1995).45 Pillard and Weinrich (1986); Hamer et al. (1993).46 LeVay (1991); Allen and Gorski (1992); Swaab et al. (1992; 1995). The studies apply tohomosexual males. Homosexual men have a smaller third interstitial nucleus of anteriorhypothalamus (LeVay, 1991), a larger anterior commissure (Allen and Gorski, 1992), alarger suprachiasmic nucleus, and a smaller bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in thehypothalamus (Zhou et al., 1995).47 Also seen in several bird species; Kendler et al. (2000); Camperio-Ciani et al. (2004);Gavrilets and Rice (2006).48 Truong et al. (2006); Read et al. (2007).49 Lester (2006).50 Friedman (1999); Fitzpatrick et al. (2005); Cochran and Cauce (2006).51 Friedman (1999).52 Rabkin et al. (1997).53 à Campo et al. (2003).54 Cohen-Kettenis and Gooren (1999).55 Coolidge et al. (2002).56 Zhou et al. (1995).