Descriptive Psychopathology: The Signs and Symptoms of ...

307 Chapter 12: Obsessive–compulsive behaviors11 Taylor and Fink (2006).12 Chen and Dilsaver (1995).13 Regier et al. (1984).14 Paul McHugh: Overestimating mental illness in America, in A Nation of Crazy People?The Weekly Standard, Volume 10, Issue 39, June 27, 2005.15 Visual–spatial memory is impaired and the sufferer cannot fully access the episodic memoryof the recently completed action, thus finding it necessary to repeat it (Zielinski et al., 1991).16 Leckman et al. (2007).17 Lochner et al. (2005b).18 Kraepelin (1976), page 65.19 Intermittent explosive disorder is not included here and is not an illness. It is a features ofseveral conditions (e.g. antisocial personality, traumatic brain injury, manic-depression,epilepsy) and does not warrant a separate diagnostic category (Dell’Osso et al., 2006).20 Chapter 14 provides a discussion of trait behavior and Chapter 15 the effects of brain injuryon personality.21 Grant and Potenza (2006a).22 Holden (2001), Grant et al. (2006).23 Yaryura-Tobias and Neziroglu (1997), pages 208–9.24 Parks and Feldman (2006).25 Lloyd-Richardson et al. (2007).26 Osman and Loschen (1992). Examples are the Prader–Willi syndrome (a deletion ofpaternal genetic material from chromosome 15), which is defined by self-mutilation,hypotonicity, mental retardation, small gonads and hands and feet. Sufferers have otherOCD features. The Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, an error in purine metabolism from anX-linked genetic error, is recognized by mental retardation, choreoathetosis, and mutilatingfinger and oral mucosal biting (Yaryura-Tobias and Neziroglu, 1997, pp. 204–7).27 Karila et al., 200728 One of us (MAT) has seen two patients with psychosis as part of a manic-depressive illnesswho injured their eyes. One patient enucleated his left eye in response to delusional ideas.Another jammed a ballpoint pen into each eye socket in an effort to stop visual hallucinations.The patient was blinded, but the hallucinations continued.29 Simeon et al., 199230 Yaryura-Tobias and Neziroglu (1997, p. 201); Yaryura-Tobias et al. (1995).31 Berthier et al. (1988).32 Berthier et al. (1988); Masson et al. (1991).33 Singh et al. (2006).34 Hooley and Delgado (2001).35 Primeau and Fontaine (1987); Yaryura-Tobias et al. (1995).36 Wise and Kalyanam (2000); Stunell et al. (2006).37 Sorene et al. (2006).38 Kayahan et al. (2005).39 Insel and Akiskal (1986).40 Cavallaro et al. (2003).