Descriptive Psychopathology: The Signs and Symptoms of ...

83 Chapter 3: The brain and psychopathology4 Chapter 15 provides a discussion of these syndromes.5 Wakefield (1997).6 DSM-IV, pages xxi–xxii.7 Wakefield (1997).8 Chapter 14 provides a discussion of the nature of personality and personality deviation.Thomas Szasz has led a movement challenging the concept of “mental illness”. He andothers argue that there is no such thing as “mental illness” and that persons so labeledeither have brain disease and thus have neurological illness, or they are deviant withoutbrain disease and thus are being labeled by a society that does not tolerate the deviance(Szasz, 1974).9 Wakefield (1997); Kendell and Jablensky (2003).10 Chapters 14 and 15 provide detailed discussion of trait behavior.11 Carbeza and Nyberg (2000).12 Farah (1995).13 Gardini et al. (2005).14 Ibid.15 Calder et al. (2000, 2001).16 Darwin (1872).17 Provine (2000).18 Gervais and Wilson (2005).19 Damasio and Damasio (2000).20 Chapter 11 provides a detailed discussion of delusions.21 Starkstein et al. (1992).22 The most common association of the Cotard syndrome is melancholia (Taylor andFink, 2006).23 Black et al. (2004).24 Mailis-Gagnon et al. (2003).25 Spence et al. (2000).26 Gerstmann’s syndrome is defined by finger agnosia, right–left disorientation, acalculia, anddysgraphia.27 The neuroanatomy subserving the stress response is well delineated in laboratory animals( Taylor and Fink, 2006, chapter 14).28 Studies of laboratory animals show that this system arises in dopaminergic neurons in theventral tegmental area of the midbrain. These neurons innervate the amygdala and limbicregions of the neocortex and the nucleus accumbens in the forebrain. All physiologicallyaddicting drugs increase dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens, which mediatesthe biochemical effects of these agents ( Taylor and Fink, 2006, chapter 14).29 See Patient 1.1.30 See Patient 1.4.31 Salloway et al. (2001).32 Dysfunction in this circuit is associated with abnormal eye movements such as the loss ofsmooth eye pursuit seen in patients with schizophrenia (Keedy et al., 2006).33 Chow and Cummings (1999).