Descriptive Psychopathology: The Signs and Symptoms of ...

473 Indexeffects of increased 137–138evoked by emotionally salient stimuli 72right hemisphere involvement 64assessmentamnestic disorders 325–328of drug and alcohol abuse 127of intelligence 317, 335of personalityclinical importance of 364normal traits 338–340past illness, questions for 122sources of a delusion 275–276suicide risk 117using humor during 205–206see also cognitive testing, neuropsychologicalevaluationastasia–abasia 189asterixis 168asynergy 178athetosis 175auditory hallucinations 78–79, 262–263auditory letter cancellation test 318autobiographical memory, assessment of 327autochthonous idea 277–278automatic obedience 164automatisms 169autoscopic hallucinations 259avolition 200–201avolitional syndrome 11, 58, 60, 388Axis II personality disordersproblems with classification 352–353proposed reclassification of 391–392, 395Baillarger, Jules 31Balint syndrome 193ballismus 174basal ganglia function and disease 68, 70,172–177Beard, George 28, 219Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) 119, 120bedside cognitive assessment, reasons for 313–315behaviorcultural differences in social 136–137free-field observation of 135heritability of personality traits 335–336, 338implication of sudden changes in 146reflecting cognitive function 311–313see also brain–behavior relationshipsbehavioral disease versus behavioral deviation 53behavioral disorder, difficulty defining 54behavioral disturbances, patients with GTS 300behavioral traits 335–336behavioral activationexamination of 339high and low tendencies 342behavioral inhibitionexamination of 339high and low tendencies 342behavioral maintenanceexamination of 340high and low tendencies 342change in, early sign of frontal–temporaldementia 322, 322with high heritability 338see also personalityBell, Luther 210Bell’s mania 138, 160, 210benign neonatal sleep myoclonus 172benign stupor 138, 222bereavementabnormal, proposed reclassification asmelancholia 379–380effect on personality 343–344Bertelsen, A. 8bipolar and unipolar disorderclassification issueslaboratory verification 381–382syndrome delineation 380–381treatment validation 382–383Bleuler, Eugen 36–37, 41–42, 153, 235–236, 237,244, 333, 385body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) 303–304body injury, effect on personality 346body language, aid to diagnosis 149, 205body size and shape, indicative of disease andpersonality traits 147body and spatial orientation, early Alzheimer’sdisease 324body type, personality theories 332–333borderline personality 357example of false positive diagnosis 353–354proposed changes to classification of 392brain–behavior relationships 53, 183boundary between wellness and disease 53–54guided by brain functional organization 57–59and recognition of neurologic disease 56–57brain correlates of mental activities 54–56brain functional systems and psychopathology57–59cerebral hemispheres 63–67delusions 80–82emotion 71–76frontal lobes 59anterior cingulate circuit 62–63dorsolateral circuit 59–60orbitofrontal (ventral) circuit 60–62hallucinations 76–80motor system 67–71brainstem, function of 67–68Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) 121brief psychotic disorder 383, 385–386Briquet, Pierre 28, 264Briquet’s syndrome 264British Journal of Psychiatry 32, 41Brobdignagian hallucinations 259bulimia nervosa 302–303Burrows, George 138, 212–213Burton, Robert 29caffeineeffect on psychopathology 362sensitivity to and anxiety disorder 127