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conspicuity at HWZs in Pakistan. 2 8 15 Feasibility and effectiveness of their implementation,however remains to be evaluated.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe are especially thankful to Dr. Aftab Ahmed PATHAN, Deputy Inspector General ofPolice, Mr. Irshad SODHAR, Senior Patrolling Officer, and Mr. Naeemullah SHIEKH , SeniorPatrolling Officer, National Highway and Motorway Police south sector III office, Pakistanfor their support in data collection. Authors also acknowledge Engr. Ali Bin Usman SHAH,Road Safety Expert at National Highway Authority for providing traffic survey reports.Finally, we would like to thank the editor and reviewers for their suggestions to improve thecontent of this manuscript.FUNDINGFirst author is the PhD candidate at Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2. This position isfunded by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. Institut National de la Santé et de laRecherche Médicale Unité 897, France, funded the logistics for data collection. Fundingbodies had no input in study design, analysis and interpretation of results.AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONThis study is the part of PhD thesis work of JB supervised by LRS. JAR and EL providedtechnical help in study conception, design, analysis, and manuscript writing.COMPETING INTERESTSNo competing interests were identified for any of the authors.LICENSE STATEMENT:The Corresponding Author has the right to grant on behalf of all authors and does grant onbehalf of all authors, an exclusive licence (or non exclusive for government employees) on aworldwide basis to the BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and its licencees, to permit this article (ifaccepted) to be published in IP and any other BMJ Group products and to exploit allsubsidiary rights, as set out in our licence (http://ip.bmjjournals.com//ifora/licence.pdf).Important pointsWhat is already known on the subject?• Highway work zones (HWZs) lead to increased crash and fatality risk.• Risks and factors associated with such zones were rarely studied in developing countries.What this study adds:• Crash fatality risk was four times as high on HWZs as compared to other zones in Pakistan, alow-income country.• Traffic separation, harsher penalties for hazardous overtaking, and appropriate hazard signageat HWZs might reduce the risk of such crashes.Policy implications:• Exposition to HWZ will tremendously increase in coming years in developing countries likePakistan. Implementation of safety interventions at HWZs may significantly reduce roaddisease burden.REFERENCES1. Li Y, Bai Y. Highway work zone factors and their impact on crash severity. J Transp Eng2009;135:694-701.116