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MethodsStudy design and settingStudy design was based on a historical cohort study [104, 105]. Highway police crash reportsand traffic statistics for a three-year period (2006-2008) were used to assess the injury risks inHWZs. The study setting was a 196-km long four-lane, separated, section of the Karachi-Halaroad in the province of Sindh, Pakistan (Figure 12). This is one of the most heavily used roadsections, with traffic counts ranging from 16,356 to 24,707 vehicles per day [83]. The NHAPakistan manages maintenance and upgrading operations on this road section. The NHMPhave been enforcing traffic rules on this road section since 2004.Figure 12. Karachi-Hala Road Section, province of Sindh, PakistanChinaBaluchistanIndiaAfghanistanIndiaArabian seaSelected roadOther roadBoundriesCitiesArabian SeaTraffic dataAnnual average daily traffic survey data were collected from NHA headquarters. Thesesurveys are conducted each year to assess traffic counts on different road sections underFederal administration. Locations near toll plazas are selected to assess 24-hour counts byNHA personnel. We extracted information on traffic counts observed between Karachi-Hyderabad (146 km) and Hyderabad-Hala (50 km) sub-sections. Variables included in trafficsurveys were number, type (trucks, buses transporting ≥ 20 passengers, mini-truck, minibus orcoasters transporting < 20 passengers, cars or jeeps, and motorcycles), and direction ofvehicles (North-bound or South-bound) [83].In Pakistan, during maintenance works on separated interurban roads, two or more lanes in agiven direction are completely blocked and traffic, on most occasions, is diverted tooppositely directed lanes (Figure 13). Police and highway authorities facilitate privatecontracting agencies in traffic control during construction periods. Details of HWZ start andend dates and km locations are recorded in their memos. We collected this data from NHAand NHMP regional offices.42
Figure 13. Examples of normal traffic zone (A) and work zone (B) on interurban roadsection in the province of Sindh, PakistanABCrash dataAfter a crash, a NHMP patrolling officer files the details of crash on a standard four-pageaccident analysis report [85]. A copy of this report is kept in the regional office, whereas theoriginal is sent to the NHA headquarters. Moreover, each crash is recorded on a separateaccident register in the regional office [85]. All police crash reports and registers from Jan 0643
Page 1: Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux
Page 4 and 5: Publications (peer-reviewed).......
Page 6 and 7: Index of figuresFigure 1. Traffic f
Page 8 and 9: AbbreviationsAKUAVCIBMIEASESSDALYDW
Page 10 and 11: AbstractBackground: Interurban traf
Page 12 and 13: L'objectif de cette thèse était d
Page 14 and 15: 2. Background2.1 Road injury burden
Page 16 and 17: 2.4 Multiple factors involved in tr
Page 18 and 19: Figure 4. Percentage difference of
Page 20 and 21: 2.7 Interurban road safety research
Page 22 and 23: ObjectivesThe objectives of this fi
Page 24 and 25: ResultsCrash burdenA total of 935 R
Page 26 and 27: Figure 7. Monthly trend of traffic
Page 28 and 29: Injury outcome patternsMost of inju
Page 30 and 31: MethodsThe study setting was 196-km
Page 32 and 33: patients. In the ED, those with NIS
Page 34 and 35: Table 6. Traffic injuries reported
Page 36 and 37: 5. Analytical StudiesPrevious liter
Page 38 and 39: under supervision of Dr. Sobngwi-Ta
Page 40 and 41: Table 9. Situational variables at c
Page 44 and 45: to Dec 08 were retrieved and photoc
Page 46 and 47: normal zones. However, this associa
Page 48 and 49: MethodsStudy design and settingsThe
Page 50 and 51: Figure 14. Picture extracted of a h
Page 52 and 53: located in built-up area in Pakista
Page 54 and 55: Table 15. Differences in hazard per
Page 56 and 57: 6. Discussion6.1 Originality of stu
Page 58 and 59: Although adjustments are possible,
Page 60 and 61: observational studies on how the de
Page 62 and 63: to understand the deficiencies in t
Page 64 and 65: [24] Damsere-Derry J, Afukaar FK, D
Page 66 and 67: [69] Central Intelligence Agency. T
Page 68 and 69: [111] Geurts K, Wets G, Brijs T, Va
Page 70 and 71: [154] Rosenbloom T, Shahar A, Elhar
Page 72 and 73: 4. Farooq U, Bhatti JA, Siddiq M, M
Page 74 and 75: Appendix 1: Literature review on in
Page 76 and 77: they identified a cluster of long b
Page 78 and 79: more cost-effective than redesignin
Page 80 and 81: Table 18. Traffic injury interventi
Page 86 and 87: Appendix 3: Study I supplementary r
Page 88 and 89: Appendix 4: Manuscript in preparati
Page 90 and 91: BACKGROUNDPakistan, located at the
Page 92 and 93:
patients were recorded during their
Page 94 and 95:
This might motivate police officers
Page 96 and 97:
12. Peden M, Scurfiled R, Sleet D,
Page 98 and 99:
Table 1. Traffic injuries reported
Page 100 and 101:
Table 3. Ascertainment of police, a
Page 102 and 103:
Appendix 5: Article published - Stu
Page 104 and 105:
104
Page 106 and 107:
106
Page 108 and 109:
108
Page 110 and 111:
Appendix 6: Article under review -
Page 112 and 113:
1. INTRODUCTIONWith the aging of hi
Page 114 and 115:
A total of 180 crashes were identif
Page 116 and 117:
conspicuity at HWZs in Pakistan. 2
Page 118 and 119:
21. Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Bhatti J, K
Page 120 and 121:
Table 2. Highway work zone crash fa
Page 122 and 123:
122
Page 124 and 125:
ABSTRACTObjectives: Interurban road
Page 126 and 127:
oad). A matched strategy was used t
Page 128 and 129:
SitesOut of 131 crash sites identif
Page 130 and 131:
Similarly, it was shown previously
Page 132 and 133:
Majdzadeh, R., Khalagi, K., Naraghi
Page 134 and 135:
Table 2. Characteristics of Pakista
Page 136 and 137:
Table 4. Factors associated with ha
Page 138 and 139:
Table 21. Situational factors at hi
Page 140 and 141:
Table 23. Situational factors assoc
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