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Table 18. Traffic injury intervention studies on interurban road sections in developing countries.Author (year) Intervention Study design Setting Data Outcome ResultsAfukaar (2003) Rumble strips on an urbanAccra-Kumasi Police dataintersectionhighway, GhanaHijar , et al (1999)Bishai, et al (2008)Poli de Figueiredo, etal (2001)Mutto, et al (2002)Zhou, et al (2005)Road furniture: luminoussigns, traffic lights, rumblestrips, and replacement oflateral metal bars bysecurity fenceTraffic police enforcementwith vehicles and speedcamera1. Increased fines2. Rigid penalty scoringOverhead pedestrianbridge in a locality situatedon a highway1. Guardrail installation2. Design improvementsBefore and afterstudy withoutcontrolBefore-afterwithout controlgroupBefore and afterstudy withoutcontrolBefore and afterstudy withoutcontrol.Interventionapplied in 1998Before and afterstudy withoutcontrolTwo comparisons;1. Before afterstudy (guardrail)2. Control sections(designimprovements)Mexico–Cuernavacahighway, MexicoFour highwaysentering Kampala,UgandaInterstate highways,BrazilKampala-JinjahighwayThree sections ofNational highway319 Wulong(intervention),Pengshui &Qianjiang countiesAmbulance(pre-hospitalcare data) fortwo period1994 & 1996Police dataTraffic agencydata & level Itrauma caredata for 1998compared to1997Police dataTraffic policePer year1. Crash (N)2. Crash type3. Fatality (N)Per 10 000vehiclestravelled1. Crash2. InjuryPer year1. Citation (N)Per month2. Fatality (N)1. Crashes2. Deaths3. Injuries4. Citations5. Emergencyadmissions1. Crash2. Crash severity1. Crashes2. Crash severity3. DeathsRoad crashes decreased by 55% and road fatalities decreased by 35%. Head-on, side-swipes,and hitting fixed object crashes decreased by 100%, whereas pedestrian involving crashesdecreased by 51%.No significant differences were observed for crashes between the two periods. Injury per10 000 vehicles significantly reduced from 2.1 to 1.4 over the same period. Results wereadjusted on age, speed, use of seat belt, alcohol intake, and external causes of injuries.Number of citations increased from USD 72 000 in before to 327 311 in after period. A 17%drop in road fatality per month was recorded.All the outcome variables decreased in the after period as compared to before period. Crashesdecreased by 21.3% (327 640 to 257 688); road deaths decreased by 24.7% saving 5 962lives; traffic citations decreased by 49.5% (601 977 to 304 785). Similarly, emergency roomadmissions decreased by 33.2% (787 to 526).Total crashes augmented from 35 to 71. The difference was +74.5% (51 vs. 13) for minor,+21.4% (17 vs. 14) serious, and -75.0% (2 vs. 8) for fatal crash.As compared to before period, traffic crashes decreased by 43.6% (84 vs. 149) and severecrashes decreased by 70.8% (7 vs. 24) in the after period. No changes in overall fatalitieswere observed; as compared to similar road sections, a decrease in crashes (≥ -37.2%) andtraffic deaths (≥ -47.1%) was observed in the same period (1997-2001).80