Dictionary of Music - Birding America

Dynamophone 119duramente (doo — ′′rä men′te) Italian. Also, duro(doo — ′rô), con durezza (kôn doo — ret′ tsä). A directionto perform in a firm, bold manner.Rhapsodies, two cello concertos, Violin Concerto,Piano Concerto, piano trios, string quartets, and twoof his nine symphonies (nos. 7 and 9).durchkomponiert (doo rKH′kom pô nērt′′).German word for THROUGH-COMPOSED.ThedyadIn serial music, a group of two pitch classes(see PITCH CLASS).durezza, conSee DURAMENTE.dynamic accentSee under ACCENT.duroSee DURAMENTE.düster (dYs′tər) German. A direction to performin a gloomy, mournful manner.DVDSee under DIGITAL RECORDING.Dvořák (dvôr′zhäk), Antonin (än′tôn yin),1841–1904. A Bohemian (Czech) musician whobecame his country’s greatest composer. Dvořákbegan his musical career as a violinist and violist.In 1873 a patriotic composition of his, Hymnus fororchestra and chorus, proved a huge success, andhe was able to devote himself to composingand teaching. Dvořák became known throughoutEurope. His fame spread to America, and hecame to the United States as artistic directorof New York City’s National Conservatory(1892–1895). During this period he wrote the bestknown of all his many works, his Symphony no. 9in E minor (From the New World). Although someof the melodies in this work sound like blackspirituals, Dvořák claimed that he did not planthis resemblance.Dvořák’s music is notable for its fresh, liltingmelodies, its intense and interesting treatment ofharmony, and his adaptation of Bohemian folkmusic. He was one of the leading nationalist composers(see NATIONALISM), and he wrote music innearly every form—choral, chamber, symphonic,opera, songs. Of his operas, only Rusalka is performedwith any frequency outside his native land.Among his most popular works are his Stabat Mater,Te Deum, Symphonic Variations, three Slavonicdynamics The gradations of loudness or softnesswith which music is performed. The most importantof the signs and abbreviations whereby they are indicated,called dynamic marks, are listed in the accompanyingchart. Also see the separate entries for theseterms. Dynamic indications were not generally useduntil the early seventeenth century, but by the middleof the eighteenth century all the present-day markswere in common use. Today most composers arequite specific about all directions for performance,including dynamics.DYNAMIC MARKSAbbreviationor SignMeaningpianissimo pp, ppp very softpiano p softmezzo piano mp moderately softmezzo forte mf moderately loudforte f loudfortissimo ff, fff very loudforte piano fp loud, then softsforzando, sforzato sf, sfz sharply accentedforzando, forzato fz sharply accentedcrescendo cres., cresc. gradually louderdiminuendo dim., dimin. gradually softerDynamophone Another name for the Telharmonium(see under ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS).