Dictionary of Music - Birding America

agpipe 21book, Versuch über die wahre Art das Klavier zuspielen (“Treatise on the Correct Way to Play KeyboardInstruments”), which is a valuable guide forplaying the keyboard music of the eighteenth century.Unlike his father, Karl Philipp felt that merecounter-point was not enough to make great music,and in his works he stressed the expressive qualitiesof the keyboard instrument, a trait that becameknown as empfindsamer Stil (“expressive style”).See also GALLANT STYLE.— Johann Christian (yō′hän kris′tyän) Bach,1735–1782. The youngest son of J. S. Bach. Fora time after his father died in 1750 he lived andstudied with his older brother, Karl PhilippEmanuel, in Berlin. He then went to study andwork in Italy and, later, London, where he spent thelast twenty years of his life. His music was stronglyinfluenced by the Italian and English styles of thetime, and he is sometimes called the “English” or“London” Bach. His work belongs to the preclassicalperiod (see PRECLASSIC), and he had a directinfluence on Mozart, who met him when he visitedLondon at the age of eight. Johann Christian’scompositions include church music, operas in theItalian style, English songs, chamber and orchestralmusic, and sonatas for the harpsichord and thepiano. He was one of the first to give concerts onthe piano (from the 1760s), which then was a verynew instrument.Bach trumpet A name for various kinds of trumpetmade in the nineteenth century to ease the taskof playing the high-pitched, elaborate trumpet partsfound in some eighteenth-century music, includingsome of the works of Johann Sebastian Bach.Baroque trumpeters were specially trained to producethe highest available notes on their instruments,which had neither valves nor keys. Thistechnique, called clarino, had all but vanished by1810 or so. Today players use either a piccolo trumpetor a D trumpet for these parts (see under TRUM-PET for further information). Bach is also the nameof a well-known American manufacturer of trumpets,making Bach trumpet a doubly confusingterm.badinageSee BADINERIE.badinerie (bA dēn ə rē′) French: “joking.” Also,badinage (bAd ə nazh′). A name used for a fast, gay,dancelike piece in duple meter (any meter with twobasic beats per measure, such as 2/4). In the eighteenthcentury the badinerie was used as a movementin suites, as, for example, in Bach’s orchestralSuite in B minor.bagatelle (bA gA tel′) French: “trifle.” A titleused for a short piece, usually for piano. The mostfamiliar example is Beethoven’s Bagatellen, threesets of piano pieces (op. 33, op. 119, op. 126), butmany other composers have written bagatelles, fromFrançois Couperin (seventeenth century) to AlexanderTcherepnin (late nineteenth century).bagpipe An instrument with one or, more often,several reed pipes, attached to a windbag that providesair for the pipes. The player holds the bagunder one arm, blows air into it through a blowpipe,and works the arm as a bellows (that is, to squeezethe air out of the bag). From the bag, which is madeof either goatskin or sheepskin, the air is pushedthrough two kinds of pipe. One pipe, called thechanter (or chaunter), sounds the melody; it haseight finger holes (seven in front and one in back, forthe thumb). The other kind of pipe, called a drone,fig. 14 p/u from p. 22plays a single low note. There usually are one tothree drones. The air reaches these pipes in a steadystream so that they sound continuously.