Dictionary of Music - Birding America

ensemble 129for the OBOE DA CACCIA in baroque music. Outstandingcompositions for solo English horninclude Donizetti’s Concerto in F and Concertinoin G, Honegger’s Concerto da camera for flute andEnglish horn, Hindemith’s Sonata for English horn,and Rorem’s Concerto for English horn andorchestra. Prominent parts for English horn arefound in the second movement of Franck’s Symphonyin D minor, in Dvořák’s Symphony no. 9(From the New World), and in Berlioz’s RomanCarnival Overture.enharmonic (en′′ här mon′ ik). A term used fornotes, intervals, and chords that are written differentlybut that, on a keyboard instrument tuned toEQUAL TEMPERAMENT, are played (and sound) as ifthey were the same. For example, on the piano thekey for B-sharp and C is one and the same, and thetwo notes have the same pitch. This is also true forC-sharp and D-flat, D-sharp and E-flat, etc. (seeexample A). Such pairs of notes are said to be enhar-fig. 90 p/u from p. 132monically equivalent. Singers and string- and windinstrumentplayers may distinguish between enharmonicallyequivalent notes, generally playingsharps at a slightly higher pitch than their enharmonicallyequivalent flats. This practice has becomeless and less common, however, and is deliberatelyavoided in performing most twentieth-centurymusic. Moreover, in some tuning systems the sharpsare lower in pitch than their enharmonically equivalentflats. —enharmonic change Use of the samenote in two different ways, for example, causing aD-sharp to act as an E-flat by moving to D natural orF natural instead of moving to E natural or C-sharpas would normally be expected. —enharmonicinterval An interval that sounds the same as anotherinterval but is written differently. For example, theinterval called a diminished fifth (C–G♭) is, onthe piano, exactly the same as the interval called anaugmented fourth (C–F♯ ); similarly, the diminishedseventh (C♯ –B ♭) sounds the same as the major sixth(C♯ –A ♯ ) (see example B). See INTERVAL, def. 2, foran explanation of these intervals.—enharmonic chord A chord that can be written intwo or more ways. Each of the four notes of a diminishedseventh chord, for example, can be written intwo ways so that each note can function as the leadingtone of a major and minor key. In example C, thesame chord is written so as to serve as the diminishedseventh chord in the keys of C major and Cminor, E-flat major and E-flat minor, F-sharp majorand F-sharp minor, and A major and A minor. (SeeCHORD for an explanation of these chords.)—enharmonic modulation A change of keyaccomplished by using an enharmonic chord, suchas a modulation from C minor to F-sharp major byuse of a diminished seventh chord. —enharmonickey Three of the major keys having scales that canbe notated in either sharps or flats. They are B major(5 sharps) and C-flat major (7 flats); F sharp major(6 sharps) and G-flat major (6 flats); and C-sharpmajor (7 sharps) and D-flat major (5 flats); seeexample D.enigmatic scale Also, scala enigmatica (Italian).A SCALE used by Verdi in Ave Maria for chorus(1898), the first of his Quattro pezzi sacri (FourSacred Pieces). It consists of C D ♭ E F ♯ G ♯ A ♯ B C.ensaladaSee under QUODLIBET.fig. 91 p/u from p. 133fig. 92 p/u from p. 133fig. 93 p/u from p. 133ensemble (English än säm′bəl; French äNsäN′bl ə ). 1 A group of musical performers, consistingof instrumentalists (instrumental ensemble),singers (vocal ensemble), or both. 2 A term used todescribe how well the members of a group play orsing together, in the sense of having equal musical