Dictionary of Music - Birding America

216 Liederkreisseveral voice-parts) secular song, the German counterpartof the French CHANSON (def. 2). Three greatcollections survive from the second half of the fifteenthcentury (they also include monophonic pieces,a tradition continued with the Meistersinger): theLochauer Liederbuch, Schedelsches Liederbuch, andGlogauer Liederbuch. The most important composersof the polyphonic lied were Heinrich Isaac(see chart accompanying RENAISSANCE), his contemporariesPaul Hofhaimer (1459–1537) and HeinrichFinck (1447–1527), and his pupil Ludwig Senfl (c.1486–1542/3). 3 In modern German, any Germansong, whether folk song or art song.Liederkreis (lē′dər krīs) German: “circle ofsong.” 1 The German word for SONG CYCLE, used bySchumann as a title for two of his song cycles (op.24 and op. 39, 1840). 2 A singing club, particularlyfor performing popular songs. Such organizationswere very popular in nineteenth-century Germany.lieto (lē e′tô) Italian.gay, joyful manner.lievo (lē ā′vô) Italian.lightly, easily.A direction to perform in aA direction to performligature 1 The clamp whereby the reed of aclarinet or a saxophone is held onto the mouthpiece.2 Another word for SLUR. 3 In written music fromthe late twelfth century to about 1600, a form ofwriting several notes joined together. In Gregorianchant ligatures were simply a new variety of neume.In music with more than one voice-part, ligaturesindicated not only pitch but rhythm (short and longnotes). See also NOTATION.Ligeti (le′ge tē), György (dyŒr′dy ə ), 1923– .A Hungarian composer who became known first forhis serial music and electronic works, and later fornonelectronic pieces, all notable for their complextexture and also considerable humor. In 1956 Ligetileft Hungary and went to Vienna; he also workedfor a time at the electronic studio in Cologne, Germany.His first major nonelectronic works followinghis departure were Apparitions (1958/9) andAtmosphères (1961), both for orchestra. Atmosphèresand the Kyrie from his Requiem Mass(1969) became extremely well known because theyappeared, without the composer’s permission, in thesound track of Stanley Kubrick’s film, 2001: ASpace Odyssey. A characteristic technique ofLigeti’s is to lay down a complex tone cluster andthen slowly move the individual parts around insteps and half-steps; this is clearly seen in Lontano(1967) for orchestra. Ligeti also acknowledged hislink to MINIMALISM in his Self-Portrait with Reichand Riley (1976), for two pianos. His Poème Symphonique(1962) is composed for 100 metronomesticking at different speeds and lasts until the slowestof them has run down. Aventures (1962) and NouvellesAventures (1962–1965) are “operas” sung tononsense syllables. Some of his works, such as theset of Etudes for piano, show his love for ethnicmusic from many sources, ranging from theCaribbean to Eastern Europe. His other worksinclude an opera, Le grand Macabre (1978), HornTrio (1982), Piano Concerto (1988), Sonata forSolo Viola (1994), Sippal, Dobbal, Nadihegeduvelfor mezzo-soprano and four percussionists (2000),and Hamburg Concerto for horn and small orchestra(revised 2001).light opera A term used rather loosely for anOPERETTA, MUSICAL COMEDY, or other stage entertainmentfalling somewhere between these two.lining out (lī′ning out′). In the eighteenth andnineteenth centuries in England and America, thecustom of having the minister or deacon read aloudeach line of a psalm or hymn before it was sung bythe congregation. This practice was necessarybecause people did not always know all the words ofa hymn or psalm, and hymnbooks and psalters werescarce. The music, on the other hand, was familiar,since only a dozen or so melodies were used formost of the hymns and psalms.linke Hand (ling ′kə hänt) German: “left hand.”A direction in keyboard music to play a note or passagewith the left hand.lip 1 Another word for EMBOUCHURE, def. 2. 2 tolip. In playing wind instruments, to modify the