Dictionary of Music - Birding America

192 inniglong orchestral works, notably Symphonie sur unchant montagnard français (“Symphony on aFrench Mountain Air”) and Istar Variations fororchestra.innig (in′iKH) German. A direction to perform ina sincere, intense manner, with depth of feeling.in nomine (in nom′ə nā′′) Latin. Also, innomine.A title used by numerous English composers of thesixteenth and seventeenth centuries for instrumentalcompositions based on a particular cantus firmus (afixed melody to which other voice-parts are added).The melody, which is derived from Gregorian chant,appears in a Mass by John Taverner (c. 1490–1545),set to the words “in nomine” (“in the name [of theLord]”), and it is from this association that the nameof the works is derived. In nomines were composedfor keyboard instruments, for lute, and, most often,for ensembles of viols or recorders, by such composersas as Christopher Tye, Thomas Tallis,William Byrd, Thomas Weelkes, and Orlando Gibbons.Among the last to use the melody was HenryPurcell.inquieto (ēn′′kwē e′tô) Italian. A direction toperform in a restless, agitated manner.instrument, musical Any object used to producemusical sounds. Although the human voice is sometimesregarded as a musical instrument, it is usuallytreated separately (see VOICE, def. 2). Instrumentsare customarily divided into categories according tothe way in which they produce sounds. In Europeanand American music there are five main categoriesof instrument: a STRINGED INSTRUMENTS, whichmay be bowed (violin, viola, cello, viola da gamba,etc.) or plucked (banjo, guitar, lute, zither, harp,etc.); b WIND INSTRUMENTS, which include theWOODWIND INSTRUMENTS, either without reed (fife,flute, piccolo, recorder, etc.) or with a reed (clarinet,oboe, bassoon, saxophone, harmonica, etc.), and theBRASS INSTRUMENTS, sounded by the vibration ofthe player’s lips (French horn, trumpet, trombone,tuba, etc.); c PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS, which arestruck and may have a definite pitch (chimes, glockenspiel,timpani, xylophone, etc.) or indefinite pitch(drum, castanets, cymbals, tambourine, triangle,etc.); d KEYBOARD INSTRUMENTS, which combinesome of the sound-producing features of the firstthree groups (the piano and clavichord have stringsthat are struck, the harpsichord has strings that areplucked, the organ has pipes sounded with and withoutreeds, and the celesta has metal bars that arestruck); and e ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS, which areeither conventional instruments whose sound ischanged electronically (electric guitar, electronicharpsichord, etc.) or instruments in which the sounditself is produced electronically (electric or electronicorgan, sound synthesizer, etc.).A more fundamental system of classifying musicalinstruments, which is more general and makes iteasier to include non-Western instruments, has fivesimilar categories: a idiophones, objects consistingprimarily of an elastic material that can producesound when struck (triangle, gong, xylophone, etc.),shaken (rattle), plucked (Jew’s-harp), or rubbed(glass harmonica); b membranophones, objects inwhich a stretched membrane (a thin piece of hide orparchment) produces sound (drums); c aerophones,objects in which sound is produced by a vibratingcolumn of air or a moving stream of air, either withor without a reed (woodwinds, brass instruments,and free-reed instruments like the harmonium andaccordion); d chordophones, instruments in whichstretched strings produce a sound when bowed (violin),plucked (guitar, harp, harpsichord, etc.), orstruck (dulcimer, clavichord, and piano); and e electrophones,objects that produce sound by electric orelectronic means.Musical instruments appear to have been usedsince prehistoric times by all peoples, and theyinclude some highly ingenious devices. Stones ofdifferent size and shape have been used as xylophones,zithers have been made with a hollow in theground serving as a resonator, and such objects asanimal bones, horns, and shells have been used forscrapers, beaters, and trumpets. The ancient Greekshad not only wind instruments (aulos) and stringedinstruments (kithara) but also an organ (hydraulos).The Middle Ages saw the further development ofstringed instruments, both plucked (harp, lyre, andpsaltery) and bowed (hurdy-gurdy, crwth, andvielle), wind instruments (trumpet, horn, shawm,